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Background: Stroke is a dominant cause of death universally and the primary determinant of motor loss and impairment. Aerobic training walking is use for chronic stroke patient Objectives: Objective of this study was to compare the effects of Aerobic Exercise (Walking) Training and conventional physical therapy treatment among Chronic Stroke patient Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted on stroke patient in 6 months’ duration. A sample of 60 participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria was recruited through convenient sampling and randomly assigned to two groups. Design: Assessor blind Randomized Control trial Setting: Chaudhary Akram Teaching hospital rewind road Lahore. Duration: 12 weeks (3 months) Subjects: Chronic Stroke patient Intervention: Group A received aerobic training walking (n=30) walked over ground for 30 minutes, 3 times per week this will continue till 12 weeks and conventional treatment and group B (n=30) received conventional physical therapy including stretching and strengthening with massage to involved limb this treatment session will continue 30 minutes, 3 times per week this was continue till 12 weeks Main measure: Primary outcome of the treatment was measured using Health related quality of life Sf-36. Morticity index was measured as secondary outcome. Results: Mean of difference of pretest-posttest HRQOL in Group A was325.66±92.58 and in Group B was 233.33±101showing that there was statistically significant difference in improvement of both groups (P-value<0.05) and interventions of Group A (aerobic training) are better in improving quality of life as compared to interventions in group B (conventional physical therapy) Conclusion: Aerobic training walking shows better results as compared to conventional treatment stretching strengthening and massage in improving quality of life of chronic stroke patient

In 2011, a new virus was isolated from swine with influenza-like symptoms in Oklahoma, USA. Later in 2013, it was also evidenced in cattle, considered as its natural reservoir, elsewhere in the USA. This new virus has certain resemblance with Influenza C virus (ICV), predominately a human pathogen. Due to its inability to re-assort with ICV, it is now classified as Influenza D virus (IDV) and is a new candidate in the Orthomyxoviridae family. It causes mild respiratory disease in several animal species and replicates in both upper and lower respiratory tract. To date, serological evidence was demonstrated in various animal species and humans in all continents except Australia. It is transmitted through direct contact or through aerosol routes. Not much is known about its potential impact to animal and human health but it poses a potential risk as an emerging threat to cattle-workers. Currently, limited data is available on its global occurrence and distribution. Therefore, in current review, we summarize the global available data regarding epidemiology, pathology, zoonotic potential and future perspectives of this virus. In conclusion, continuous surveillance and risk assessment of this emerging virus is required.

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