The present study is an attempt to compare WH-movement in English and Persian. In so doing, Chomsky's Government and Binding Theory has been used as the framework. Through the analysis of the examples provided, the researchers conclude that the application of WH-movement in English is to some extent similar to its application in Persian. Case filter principle, theta criterion and the dominance of case-generator over WH-word are among the similarities. The study also reveals some differences between English and Persian as far as generating interrogative sentences with question word is concerned. Mandatory nature of WH-movement rule in English as opposed to its optional nature in Persian, syntactic movement of question word in English as opposed to its non-syntactic nature in Persian, ISSN 1948-5425 2012 www.macrothink.org/ijl 420 syntactic trigger of WH-movement in English as opposed to its pragmatic trigger in Persian and finally the fixed syntactic position of complimentizer phrase specifier for WH-words in English as opposed to different syntactic positions question words might have in Persian are among the differences. International Journal of Linguistics

Inspired by one of the most important contributions modern linguistics has made toward lexicography, the present study is an attempt to investigate the practice of the three most frequently used English-Persian dictionaries in incorporating pragmatic information. To this end, 101 pragmatically marked English words were randomly selected and the treatment of the bilingual dictionaries toward them was closely examined. The study revealed that although labeling is the most frequently used policy, it is still far from desirable as a strategy. The deficiencies can be attributed to the inadequate rate of labeling and inaccuracy and inconsistency in the use of labels. Besides, the study suggests incorporating pragmatic information in the translation equivalents through reducing the number of them to the ones which are good representatives of the specifications of the English word both semantically and pragmatically. Finally, as pragmatic translation equivalents can not be always established, the use of other strategies such as pragmatic examples and usage notes are also suggested.

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Abstract-The advent of pragmatics into language studies has benefited different areas of linguistics, including lexicography, in general and bilingual lexicography, in particular. To integrate pragmatics into dictionaries lexicographers provide their users with sufficient information about style and register or as Yong and Peng (2007) call it "the socio-cultural aspects of language use," and one widely accepted strategy employed by lexicographers is appropriate labeling. This study attempts to investigate the practice of the three most frequently used English-Persian dictionaries in allocation of labels to words with pragmatic peculiarities. In so doing, 282 words with such restrictions were sampled and categorized into four categories to see the treatment of these dictionaries as far as labeling is concerned. To evaluate the treatment of these dictionaries both internal and external criteria have been taken into consideration. The study revealed that the deficiencies in the labeling system of the existing English-Persian dictionaries can be attributed to the (1) low rate of labeling; (2) inaccurate labeling; and (3) inconsistency in the use of labels implemented.

Abstract-To facilitate the task of meaning discrimination on the part of the users, addressing strategies are assigned to translation equivalents in dictionaries. The rate of addressing strategies assigned to different words in a dictionary should not be either at random or in a consistent way. In this study it is believed that the addressing rate (AR) should be affected by such variables as equivalent relation (ER) and part of s peech. This article statistically examines the practice of Hezaareh English-Persian dictionary in assigning addressing strategies to different items. The results indicate that there is no systematic relationship between AR an d ERs. It is also revealed that items belonging to different parts of speech are not adequately addressed, either. The article proposes that to be communicatively successful the dictionary compilers of Hezaareh should allocate more AR to the items in which the ERs of semantic or poly divergence prevail. Besides, the role verbs play in comprehension related purposes and their polysemous nature make them good candidates for receiving higher ARs.Index Terms-bilingual dictionary, meaning discrimination, equivalent relation, part of speech, addressing rate