D-Gluco- and D-xylopyranosylidene-spiro-hydantoins and -thiohydantoins were prepared from the parent sugars in a six-step, highly chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective procedure. In the key step of the syntheses C-(1-bromo-1-deoxy-beta-D-glycopyranosyl)formamides were reacted with cyanate ion to give spiro-hydantoins with a retained configuration at the anomeric center as the major products. On the other hand, thiocyanate ions gave spiro-thiohydantoins with an inverted anomeric carbon as the only products. On the basis of radical inhibition studies, a mechanistic rationale was proposed to explain this unique stereoselectivity and the formation of C-(1-hydroxy-beta-D-glycopyranosyl)formamides as byproducts. Enzyme assays with a and b forms of muscle and liver glycogen phosphorylases showed spiro-hydantoin 12 and spiro-thiohydantoin 14 to be the best and equipotent inhibitors with K(i) values in the low micromolar range. The study of epimeric pairs of D-gluco and D-xylo configurated spiro-hydantoins and N-(D-glucopyranosyl)amides corroborated the role of specific hydrogen bridges in binding the inhibitors to the enzyme.
Tetra-0-acetyl-pentopyranosen und Penta-0-acetyl-hexopyranosen setzen sich mit Trimethylsilylazid bei Gegenwart von BF3 oder SnC14 leicht zu den entsprechenden Glycosylaziden l a bis 11 um (Tab. I). Es entsteht stets nur das anomere Glycosylazid. in dem die Azidogruppe und 2-OAc ,,trans" zueinander angeordnet sind. In Glycosylaziden sind die Bindungen CI -N, und N,--N, in der Weise polarisiert, daR der Dipol in beiden Flllen zum N, weist. Hieraus wird abgeleitet, daD bei Glycosylaziden wie bei Methylglycosiden ein exo-anomerer Effekt wirksam sein sollte. der die Konformeren 9 und 12 stark bevorzugt. Die Anwendung der Arid-Oktantenregel sagt fur das a-D-Glycosylazid 12 einen negativen, fur das p-D-Glycosylazid 9 einen positiven Cotton-Effekt voraus. Messungen des Circulardichroismus stimmen mit diesen Voraussagen gut uberein, was fur einen exo-anomeren Effekt bei Glycosylaziden spricht.
Conformational Analysis, 111 1)
em-Anomeric Effect and Circular Didvoism of Glycopyranosyl AzidesTetra-0-acetyl-aldopentopyranoses and penta-0-acetyl-aldohexopyranoses react readily with trimethylsilyl azide in the presence of BF3 or SnC14 to afford the corresponding glycosyl azides l a -11 (table 1). Only the anomeric glycosyl atide having the azido group ,,trans" to the 2-acetoxy group is obtained in each case. The polarization of thc C1 -N, and N, -N, bonds in glycosyl azides is such that in both cases the dipole is directed towards N,. It can be deduced that glycosyl azides, like methyl glycopyranosides, should exhibit an exo-anomeric effect which strongly favors the conformers 9 and 12. The application of the azide-octant rule predicts a negative Cotton effect for the a-D-glycosyl a i d e 12 and a positive effect for the p-o-glycosyl azide 9. Circular dichroism measurements are in good agreement with these predictions, indicating the operation of an exo-anomeric effect in the glycosyl azides.
Konformationsgleichgewichte von N‐substituierten N‐Pentopyranosiden wurden untersucht. Der anomere Effekt nimmt bei Substitution am C‐1 durch nachstehende Gruppen in folgender Reihe ab: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ \ominus - \mathop {\rm P}\limits^ \oplus ({\rm C}_6 {\rm H}_5)_3 $\end{document} > OAc > N3 > NHCOCF3 > NHCOC6H4OCH3‐(p) ≃ NHCO‐ C6H4NO2‐(p) > NH2 ≃ NHAc ≃ \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ \oplus {\rm PH} $\end{document}(C6H5)3]Cl⊖ > Imidazoliumsalz ≃ Pyridiniumsalz. Bei der NH2‐Gruppe ist kein anomerer und inverser anomerer Effekt nachweisbar. Die Imidazolium‐ und Pyridinium‐Verbindungen 33 und 31 zeigen inversen anomeren Effekt, wodurch in der α‐D‐xylo‐Reihe Inversion zur triaxialen 1C4(D)‐Konformation eintritt. Dem C1N1‐Dipol wird ein überwiegender Einfluß auf den anomeren Effekt zugemessen. Der Substituent mit negativiertem Stickstoff \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ \ominus - \mathop {\rm P}\limits^ \oplus ({\rm C}_6 {\rm H}_5)_3 $\end{document} weist den größten anomeren Effekt auf, der bei Protonierung des Ylids zur \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ \oplus {\rm PH} $\end{document}(C6H5)3]Cl⊖‐Gruppe vollständig verschwindet.
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