Lithium carbonate on the surface of garnet blocks Li + conduction and causes a huge interfacial resistance between the garnet and electrode. To solve this problem, this study presents an effective strategy to reduce significantly the interfacial resistance by replacing Li 2 CO 3 with Li ion conducting Li 3 N. Compared to the surface Li 2 CO 3 on garnet, Li 3 N is not only a good Li + conductor but also offers a good wettability with both the garnet surface and a lithium metal anode. In addition, the introduction of a Li 3 N layer not only enables a stable contact between the Li anode and garnet electrolyte but also prevents the direct reduction of garnet by Li metal over a long cycle life. As a result, a symmetric lithium cell with this Li 3 N-modified garnet exhibits an ultralow overpotential and stable plating/ stripping cyclability without lithium dendrite growth at room temperature. Moreover, an all-solid-state Li/LiFePO 4 battery with a Li 3 N-modified garnet also displays high cycling efficiency and stability over 300 cycles even at a temperature of 40 °C.

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Our experiments confirm that our method is robust and that the SPC layer helps increase the prediction accuracy. Additionally, the proposed method can easily be extended to other 3D object detection tasks in medical image processing.