The paper presents a simulation approach to photogrammetry-based three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition. Photogrammetry requires capturing of series of overlapping photos with certain properties from which 3D reconstruction is later obtained. Scanning a building or a human or jewellery requires different numbers of cameras, setup parameters, spatial orientations, etc. Without precise information on how to effectively take photos, obtaining them can be tedious work without any guarantees that it will provide sufficient 3D reconstruction quality. The proposed simulation approach aims to ease the aforementioned burdens and contributes by improving the process of photogrammetry-based 3D data acquisition. The presented simulator is tested in the context of the development of a 3D scanning system for human body scanning and avatar creation. The experiments confirm that the proposed method leads to an improved quality of 3D object reconstruction in comparison to previous practice in the field of 3D human scanning. Further, it lowers the cost and shortens the time required for the industrial process of construction of 3D scanning systems, thus confirming the value and validity of the presented approach.

In this paper we research the influence of background subtraction on photogrammetry pipeline when creating 3D print ready human body data. Background subtraction is a technique in image processing where image background is removed from the image and only foreground is left for further processing. The goal of the paper is to assess whether background subtraction could influence positively or negatively the photogrammetric processing of photographs. The research is aimed at the freely available software that natively does not support background subtraction, but also does not forbid the use of background subtraction. We aim to find out whether the software could benefit from adding background subtraction algorithms into their processing pipelines.

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Researchers highlighted the gap between the circular economy (CE) theory and real manufacturing practices. In developing countries, the background for CE development is quite different from developed countries, where there is an established waste management structure and a robust environmental policy. In addition, a shortage of best practices, guidelines, learning experiences, frameworks, and models capable of guiding manufacturers in measuring their circular level and track a roadmap towards an improvement of their circular readiness is raised in the literature. Therefore, this research develops and proposes a framework for assessing company’s CE readiness and is tailored for companies operating in developing countries. In detail, the framework investigates the two main perspectives (product and business model) that companies should consider adopting and implementing CE in their operations and business. The framework also supports companies to track an improvement roadmap through the definition of future actions and KPIs. To develop the framework, an application case with a company placed in Serbia and operating in the packaging industry has been conducted. The application of the framework unveiled that there is room for improvement in developing countries to foster CE adoption, especially in the policy context. Indeed, policy incentives and instruments of public authorities would considerably support the circular transition process in companies.