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The available literary data suggest the general applicability and benefits of the Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) in the field of microbiological identification. Due to its high reliability, MALDI-TOF might generally be the alternative to the the16s-rRNA sequence-based and serological-based methods. The essence of the technique is to map the unique protein pattern of microbes that contributes to characterizing a wide variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. With its application, the well-known bacterial and fungal species can be quickly identified, thus saving time in clinical diagnostics. In recent years, new protocols have appeared for directly identifying pathogenic strains from patient samples (blood, urine, feces), a major milestone in healthcare applications. On the other hand, these applications only have reliable results under certain conditions (homogeneous infection, adequate cell count, appropriate separation technique). This review aims to introduce and summarize those developments that have been enabled for routine application in the field of clinical diagnosis.

Article InfoThe increasing temperature enhances soil respiration differently depend on different conditions (soil moisture, soil organic matter, the activity of soil microbes). It is an essential factor to predicting the effect of climate change on soil respiration. In a temperate deciduous forest (North-Hungary) we added or removal aboveground and belowground litter to determine total soil respiration. We investigated the relationship between total soil CO2 efflux, soil moisture and soil temperature. Soil CO2 efflux was measured at each plot using chamber based soil respiration measurements. We determined the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The effect of doubled litter was less than the effect of removal. We found that temperature was more influential in the control of soil respiration than soil moisture in litter removal treatments, particularly in the wetter root exclusion treatments (NR and NI) (R 2 : 0.49-0.61). Soil moisture (R 2 : 0.18-0.24) and temperature (R 2 : 0.18-0.20) influenced soil respiration similarly in treatments, where soil was drier (Control, Double Litter, Double Wood). A significantly greater increase in temperature induced higher soil respiration were significantly higher (2-2.5-fold) in root exclusion treatments, where soil was wetter throughout the year, than in control and litter addition treatments. The highest bacterial and fungal count was at the DL treatment but the differences is not significant compared to the Control. The bacterial number at the No Litter, No Root, No Input treatment was significantly lower at the Control. Similar phenomenon can be observed at the fungal too, but the differences are not significant. The results of soil respiration suggest that the soil aridity can reduce soil respiration increases with the temperature increase. Soil bacterial and fungal count results show the higher organic matter content and soil surface cover litter favors the activity.

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Sugars, acids, and antioxidants as biologically active compounds, are significant elements of healthy tomato foods. The question arises if beneficial bioeffector microbes are able to improve the food quality of the tomato up scaled, among organic environmental conditions? Spore-forming bacteria used in the industry of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 as single inoculums and its combinations with other Bacillus strains and N-fixing siderophore bacteria were used on tomato test plant in pots and in an organic field experiment. Soil nutrients, yield, and inside fruit quality, the content of some essential organic acids and sugars were measured during the growth period. The abundance of aerob heterotroph soil microbes was determined by the Most Probable Number method. A single industrial inoculum of used bioeffector had a positive effect on P-availability and yield in the pots. Among field conditions, the greater variability in environmental parameters could diminish the final significant differences of soluble P in soil and fruit yield. The soil available P-content and the fruit Total Soluble Solid content (TSS) and soluble sugar and organic acid content were significantly improved (p<0.05) both in pots and in the organic field conditions. Combination of different microbial treatments did not give further enhancement. There were seasonal differences also recorded in sugar-acid ratio, mainly at the field experiment. Appropriate bioeffector applications are the part of sustainable, organic and healthier tomato food production.