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Old geological maps are extremely important sources of information about the state of geological knowledge of a specific period. Using GIS techniques, the old geological data and concepts can be compared and analyzed together with modern ones. Thus, the aim of this work is to present some old Transylvanian geological maps from the second half of the nineteenth century, with special respect to their legend and topographic basis, as well as to discuss the georeferencing methods and results in order to incorporate them into a unified GIS database. The geological maps of this study are the followings: the geognostic map of the Habsburg Empire by Haidinger (Geognostische Uibersichts-Karte der Oesterreichischen Monarchie 1845); the geological map of Transylvania by Hauer et al.(General-Karte des Grossfürstenthums Siebenbürgen und der im Jahre 1861 mit dem Königreiche Ungarn vereinigten Theile 1863); the geological map of the Habsburg Empire by Hauer (Geologische Ü bersichts-Karte der Ö sterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie nach den Aufnahmen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt 1867-1871); the geological map of the Seklerland by Herbich (A Székelyföld földtani térképe 1878a). These maps were compiled using as topographic basis the map sheets of the 1st and 2nd Military Survey of the Habsburg Empire (later Austro-Hungarian Monarchy).

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A cultural region could be only a choronym in the common knowledge. This choronym is applied with different intensity to different geographic locations. In the core a lot of criterion is present, in periphery they may be missing. The cultural criteria can be transformed to Boolean indicators, so we can understand the phenomenon as a 3D statistical surface.</p><p>We analyze the case of Székely Land. The Székelys are a subgroup of Hungarians, who use the Hungarian language; they live in Romania. The Székely seats were administrative regions from approx. 1300 until 1876: in Hungary, later in Transylvania and in the Habsburg Empire. After the dissolution of the seats, the area of the former seats was part of Austria–Hungary and after 1918 (mostly) of Romania. Since 1876 several administrative reorganizations touched the region. The Székely population at censuses professes itself ethnically and linguistically as Hungarian. The choronym is applied to a cultural region, where a set of similar characteristics occurs all over this region, but the boundaries of these characteristics are different. The perception of Székely Land has adapted to these administrative or ethnographic– linguistic factors, its former historical borders became fading.</p><p>The author compiled 6 criteria (2 historic, 2 administrative and 2 linguistic one) to define the core and periphery of the area to which is applied this choronym. The paper summarizes the local intensity of these criteria on choropleth map, this thematic map shows the core and periphery of the area applied to the choronym of Székely Land.<p>

Bethlen Gábor erdélyi fejedelem könyvtárából eddig öt kötetet sikerült azonosítani. A kötetek egyike egy 1592-es latin nyelvű Ortelius-világatlasz, amelybe Bethlen 1608 júliusában írt bele: latin nyelvű keltezés és aláírás mellett egy magyar nyelvű fohászt. Később az atlasz Csáky Katalin tulajdona lett, majd Csáky Györgytől jutott a kolozsvári Erdélyi Múzeum könyvtárába, amiről a könyvtáros Szabó Károly 1882-ben adott hírt; jelenleg az atlaszt a kolozsvári Központi Egyetemi Könyvtár tárolja. A tanulmány áttekinti a példányra vonatkozó irodalmat, bemutatja a példányt, először közöl fényképet a beírásról, rekonstruálja a példány történetét.