1Questions: (1) Which species dominate mid-successional old-fields in Hungary? How does 2 the identity of these species relate to local (patch-scale) diversity and to the progress of 3 succession? (2) Which species have the strongest negative impact on diversity in spontaneous 4 old-field succession and what generalizations are possible about the traits of these species? 5 (3) Are these species dominant or subordinate components in mature target communities? (4) 6 Do native or alien species have stronger effects on the diversity and progress of succession? 7Location: Abandoned agricultural fields (abandoned croplands, orchards and vineyards) at 8 various locations scattered throughout Hungary. 9Methods: Vegetation patterns on 112 old-fields, in 25 sites varying in soils and climatic 10 conditions, topography, landscape contexts and land use histories were sampled. Most old-11 fields had appropriate seed sources in the immediate vicinity, i.e. natural or semi-natural 12 grasslands (meadows steppes, closed and open sand steppes) as source and target habitats. 13The age of abandoned fields ranged from 1 to 69 years, but most sites were between 15 and 14 60 years. The cover of vascular plant species (in %) was estimated in 2 m x 2 m plots. 15Relationships between diversity, the progress of succession (similarity to target communities) 16 and the identity of dominants were tested. 17Results: A small portion of successional dominants (eight species) had strong negative 18 impacts on diversity. These species belonged to Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae families. 19Most of these species were wind pollinated, and capable of lateral vegetative spread. 20 Dominant species varied in size and had, on average, low requirements for nitrogen but a 21 high requirement for light. With one exception, Solidago gigantea, they were native to the 22
This study investigates how yellow bluestem affects biodiversity in a typical Pannonian grassland. Beta diversity (i.e. the finescale spatial variability of species compositions), was estimated by the realized number of species combinations sampled at various scales. Sampling was performed by a standard protocol. Presences of plant species were recorded along 52.2 m long belt transect of 1044 units of 0.05x0.05 m contiguous microquadrats. According to the results the massive presence of tested C4 grass significantly reduced species richness of the grassland. Beta diversity assessment revealed that 90% of species combinations were lost due to yellow bluestem invasion. Fine-scale spatial pattern analyses showed complete local extinctions of other species from microsites dominated by yellow bluestem. This local extinction is enhanced by the specific clonal architecture of this species and by the accumulation of litter. Other dominant grasses had no effect on fine scale diversity, i.e. they could coexist well with other elements of the local flora. This study presents currently developed microhabitat types, forecasts and also draws attention to the danger that climate warming will probably enhance the spread of this detrimental C4 species.
Zimmermann et al. : The impact of the lesser blind mole rat [ Nannospalax (superspecies leucodon)] on the species composition and diversity of a loess steppe in +36-30-360-122; fax: + 36-28-360-110) 2 Szent István University, Institute of Botany and Plant Ecophysiology, H-2100 Gödöllő, Páter K. Str. 1., Hungary (phone: + 36-28-522-000; + 36-28-410-804) 3 *Corresponding author e-mail: zimmermann.zita@okologia.mta.hu Abstract. Our aim was to investigate the species richness and diversity of a loess grassland influenced by the digging of the lesser blind mole rat [Nannospalax (superspecies leucodon)] and to study the effect of this disturbance to diversity. The study was conducted in the Külső-gulya loess grassland (Körös-Maros National Park), which is unique in Hungary due to its excellent soil quality and the large spatial extent of natural loess meadow steppe. We recorded the cover of species in 50x50 cm plots. Altogether 12 plots were sampled on mounds of mole rat and 12 plots as a control in the area with no mounds. Differences in species richness, Shannondiversity, evenness and total cover between disturbed and control plots were tested by One-Way ANOVA. There were no significant difference neither in the number of species, nor in the Shannondiversity and evenness. There were differences in the species composition detected by PCO ordination. We can conclude that the presence and disturbance of the mole rat influence the composition of the grassland significantly but it does not cause a difference in the species richness, diversity and total cover. Our results suggest that this grassland has adapted to these natural disturbances.
A B S T R A C TMonitoring designs are often suffering from the inherent non-stationarity of the monitored systems. To overcome this limitation, we propose a sampling design based on high resolution mapping and spatial analyses with double spatial scaling process. Applying to vegetation, we record the presence of plant species along 26 m or 52 m long belt transects of 520 (or 1040) units of 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm contiguous microquadrats. Beta diversity (represented as the diversity of species combinations) is estimated by subsequent computerised samplings from the baseline transect data sets. Beta diversity is scaled with changing resolutions across a range of scales from 5 cm × 5 cm to 5 cm × 500 cm., and it is also scaled using moving window technique. Local maximum of beta diversity is repeatedly calculated in 5 m extent observational windows shifted along the transect with 1 m lag, and the spatial variability of vegetation is visualized by the related beta-diversity profile. Using a field example, we demonstrate that beta diversity, when applied with our methodology, is a sensitive indicator, and it can reveal more information than alpha or gamma diversity. I N F O Ö S S Z E F O G L A L ÓKomplex rendszerek monitorozásánál tipikus nehézség a stacionaritás hiánya. A monitorozás tervezésekor gyakran megjósolhatatlanok a rendszer jövőbeni tulajdonságai és viselkedése. A probléma megoldására -a növényzet estében -nagy felbontású, egyedalapú térképezést javasolunk, majd az így nyert adatok többlépcsős, térsorozatokon alapuló számítógépes feldolgozását. A felvételezés során növényfajok jelenlétét rögzítjük mikrokvadrátokban. A részletes mintavétel 26 m vagy 52 m hosszú transszektek mentén történik, amelyek 5 × 5 cm-es mikrokvadrátok összefüggő sorozatából állnak (520 vagy 1040 db). A számítógépes feldolgozás során egy 5 m-es mintavételi ablak segítségével előbb elkülönítünk egy részmintát majd ezt növekvő mintavételi egységekkel megvizsgáljuk, és egy ún. lokális statisztikával (jelen esetben egyfajta béta-diverzitással) jellemezzük. A mintavételi ablakkal a transszektet az elejétől a végéig "letapogatva" egy diverzitási profilt nyerünk, amely bonyolult, nehezen kezelhető esetekben is (amikor a stacionaritási feltételek nem teljesülnek) jól jellemzi a növényzet állapotát. A módszer használatát egy terepi példa segítségével illusztráljuk, megmutatva, hogy a béta diverzitás más (alfa-és gamma-) diverzitásmértékeknél jobb indikátora a vegetáció változásainak.
Vizsgálatunkban két, a Káli-medencében található mintaterület (Badacsonytördemic és Balatoncsicsó) szarvasmarha-legelőit hasonlítottuk össze botanikai és gyepgazdálkodási szempontok alapján. A két mintaterület főbb jellemzőiben hasonló (társulástípus, talaj, mikrodomborzat, stb.), azonban hasznosításuk eltér egymástól: Badacsonytördemicen magyar szürkemarhával, Balatoncsicsón pedig holstein-fríz tejelő marhával végzik a legeltetést. A két mintaterület mikrocönológiai felvételezési adataiból becsült fajdenzitást és a florális diverzitás maximumokat vizsgálva kitűnik, hogy a balatoncsicsói mintaterületen talált fajkombinációs gyakoriságok mindenhol kisebbek voltak, mint a badacsonytördemici mintaterület hasonló értékei. Az összes fajt bevonva az elemzésekbe és a faj-terület összefüggést vizsgálva nem látszik lényeges különbség a két mintaterület között. Az együttélés jellemző térbeli léptékeinek a tekintetében sem tapasztaltunk különbséget. A takarmányozás szempontjából értéktelen és közepesen értékes fajok a növényi biomassza összes mennyiségéhez képest kis mennyiségben fordultak elő mindkét területen, illetve a legeltetés indikátoraként a Trifolium-fajok nagy arányban voltak jelen.
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