PIV experiments were conducted to study the coalescence of single drops through planar liquid/liquid interfaces. Sequences of velocity vector fields were obtained with a highspeed video camera and subsequent PIV analysis. Two ambient liquids with different viscosity but similar density were examined resulting in Reynolds numbers based on a surface tension velocity of 10 and 26. Prior to rupture, the drops rested on a thin film of ambient liquid above an underlying interface. After rupture, which was typically offaxis, the free edge of the thin film receded rapidly allowing the drop fluid to sink into the bulk liquid below. Vorticity generated in the collapsing fluid developed into a vortex ring straddling the upper drop surface. The ring core traveled radially inward with a ringshaped capillary wave effectively pinching the upper drop surface and increasing the drop collapse speed. The inertia of the collapse deflected the interface downward before it rebounded upward. During this time, the vortex core split so that part of its initial vorticity moved inside the drop fluid while part remained in the ambient fluid above it. A second ring-shaped capillary wave formed along the interface outside of the drop and propagated radially outward during the collapse. Changing the ambient fluid viscosity resulted in several effects. First, the velocity of the receding free edge was smaller for

The effects of Reynolds number (Re) on the gravity-driven impact of a single drop onto a liquid–liquid interface were studied experimentally using the particle image velocimetry method. The liquid beneath the interface was identical to the drop liquid. Two liquids with different viscosities were used as the ambient above the interface resulting in viscosity ratios (drop to ambient) of 0.14 and 0.33. Index matching and a slight camera inclination were employed to eliminate optical distortion. Image planes were captured at a rate of 500 Hz, and velocity fields were determined from consecutive images. The flow Reynolds numbers based on drop impact velocity and ambient viscosity were 20 and 68 for the lower and higher viscosity ratios, respectively. During the approach toward the interface, the drop shape was more oblate for the higher Re case. At the same time, viscous stresses generated a vortex ring inside each drop and a wake behind it. Each wake contained a detached ring of similar sign to the ring inside the drop. The subsequent deformation of the drop and the interface due to impact was observed to be more radical in the higher Re case. The impingement and shearing of the trailing wake on the upper surface of each drop played a significant role in dissipating the vorticity inside both drops, and the vorticity dissipated faster for lower Re.

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This contribution presents a novel simulation for a fixed-wing aircraft powered by gas turbine engines and advanced propellers (turboprops). The work is part of a large framework for the simulation of aircraft flight through a multi-disciplinary approach. Novel numerical methods are presented for flight mechanics, turboprop engine simulation (in direct and inverse mode), and propeller dynamics. We present in detail the integration of the propeller with the airframe, aircraft and tonal noise model. At the basic level, we address a shortfall in multi-disciplinary integration in turboprop-powered aircraft, including economical operations and environmental emissions (exhausts and noise). The models introduced are based on first principles, supplied with semiempirical correlations, if required. Validation strategies are presented for component-level analysis and system integration. Results are presented for aerodynamics, specific air range, optimal cruise conditions, payload-range performance, and propeller noise. Selected results are shown for the ATR 72-500, powered by PW127M turboprop engines and F568-1 propellers.