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To date, the idea of using livestock animals as biological tools to manage weeds, sequester carbon, and boost food security in oil palm plantations has not been seriously considered by industry stakeholders of major producing countries (e.g., Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Colombia, and Nigeria). We revisit the integration of oil palm cultivation with livestock farming as a silvopastoral agroforestry practice in the wake of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Oil palm-livestock integration has the potential to promote sustainable palm oil production because it can provide multiple environmental and socio-economic benefits, including carbon sequestration, restoring top soil, improving ecosystem biodiversity, reducing pesticide and fertilizer inputs, and boosting national food security. In contrast to monocultural outputs of most conventional plantations, an oil palm silvopastoral system is an ideal way to address the global food insecurity challenge as it produces bioenergy, vegetable oil/fat and animal-based protein sources (e.g., red meat). In addition, the potential of contract targeted grazing could be considered as a new type of business and income diversification for rural people. Oil palm-livestock integration is a strategy by the palm oil industry to achieve multiple SDGs. Out of the 17 SDGs, oil palm-livestock integration is likely to deliver nine SDGs. Palm oil certification bodies should recognize oil palm-livestock integration as a biological control method in weed management practices. We recommend that oil palm-livestock integration should be promoted to revitalize sustainable palm oil production and strategic biodiversity conservation policy. Policy makers should encourage major players in the palm oil industry to practice oil palm-livestock integration.

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<p>The decrement in supply of fossil fuel led to the exploration of new energy sources, which varies from wind energy to solar energy, which are known as Renewable Energy. The main problem with these power sources are the inconsistency of their energy that depends very much on the environmental factors. The embedment of these power sources onto conventional power transmission network would affect the sensitivity and reliability of protective relaying. Two different types of solar power plant connection to power system network are presented in this paper, namely Bus Connection and T-Off Connection. Computer Aided Protection Engineering (CAPE) software is used to model the networks being protected by distance protection, and simulate short circuit scenario. This paper specifically focuses on evaluating the impact of the in-feed current being contributed by both network configurations to the reliability of distance protection.</p>