We read with interest the report by Hern andez et al. [2007] of a Spanish familial case (mother and daughter) of hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal anomaly (HDR) syndrome with female genital tract malformation. The mother had nonfunctional right kidney and septate uterus, whereas the daughter had right renal agenesis and uterus didelphys with septate vagina. To our knowledge, this was the only case of female genital tract malformation associated with HDR syndrome reported in the literature.We report on a new Portuguese case with more severe genital malformations: uterus and vagina agenesis.The patient is a 29-year-old Portuguese female, which was referred for: vagina and uterus agenesis, bilateral mild neurosensorial deafness, diagnosed in early childhood, and severe hypoparathyroidism. The genital tract malformation was diagnosed at 18 years of age following investigation for primary amenorrhea, and underwent subsequent vaginal reconstruction. Conversely, the hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed at 28 years, following an episode of tetany. The evaluation showed parathyroid hormone (PTH) < 3 pg/ ml, serum calcium 5.8 mg/dl, and serum phosphorus 5.7 mg/dl. She has normal renal and abdominal ultrasound and normal renal function. The pelvic ultrasound showed absence of uterus and vagina, normal uterine annexes, and a cyst in the left ovary. Chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 22q11.2 were normal.Although kidney abnormalities were absent, the patient's findings suggested the diagnosis of HDR syndrome. Consequently, mutation screening of the coding region and exon/intron

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Introduction: Over the last decades, a progressive increase in height and weight has been observed throughout Europe. Increase in weight has been more marked however, with a resulting increase in overweight and obesity prevalence. Results published have analyzed the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and educational level. Most studies indicate an inverse relationship between BMI and educational level in developed countries. Objective: This study's main objective was to evaluate the relationship between BMI and educational level (years of schooling) in young Portuguese males in 1995 and 1999. Methods: Transverse study of data (BMI and years of schooling) from the military inspection records of virtually the entire Portuguese male population with an average age of 20 years, examined in 1995 and 1999, totaling 81 363 and 71 254, respectively. Four classes of BMI (o20, and X30 kg/m 2 ) and four schooling levels (o5, 5-9, 10-12, and 412 years) were considered. We applied the w 2 test for associations between BMI and educational level and the odds ratio to quantify categorical variables. The significance level was 5%. Results: In 1995, 15.2% were overweight (BMIX25 years), increasing to 20.8% in 1999. The percentage of obesity (BMIX30 years) was 1.4% in 1995 and 2.2% in 1999. The percentage of overweight and obesity increased directly in line with the increase in educational level, both in 1995 and 1999. In 1995, the percentage of subjects with obesity according to years of schooling was as follows: o5 years -1.4%; 5-9 years -1.4%; 10-12 years -1.5% and 412 years -1.7%. In 1999, the results were as follows: o5 years -1.4%; 5-9 years -2.2%; 10-12 years -2.8% and 412 years -3.2%. Conclusions: We can conclude that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young male Portuguese increased in the last decade and that, unlike most developed countries, the higher the level of education, the greater the percentage of overweight and

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