Leptospirosis becomes health problem in Indonesia. Until April 2014, leptospirosis cases transmitted by rats were reported in Boyolali with case fatality rate (CFR) by 83.3%. Leptospira genus consists of various serovars and genetic types living in different environment. Leptospira species classification based on rpoB gene could be used as this gene has high polymorphism level. This study aimed to identify Leptospira serovars in rat population using kinship analysis based on rpoB gene polymorphism, and describe spatial distribution of rats with Leptospira positive in Boyolali District. A cross-sectional study was conducted on April 2014 at Sindon Village in Ngemplak Subdistrict and Jeron Village in Nogosari Subdistrict, Boyolali District. Polymerase Chain Reaction test was performed on 104 rat kidney samples from two locations of study. Spatial analysis was conducted to map distribution of rats with Leptospira positive. There were six positive rpoB gene samples in Rattus tanezumi, Rattus argentiventer and Suncus murinus. Five of six positive samples showed the closest genetic kinship to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe based on rpoB gene. One isolate did not have a close genetic kinship to any serovar included in the cluster. Spatial analysis based on home range buffer zone showed rats with Leptospira positive were found in 30 meter and 150 meter from leptospirosis patients. Keywords: Leptospira, rpoB, spatial AbstrakLeptospirosis merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Hingga April 2014, dilaporkan kasus leptospirosis yang ditularkan oleh tikus di Kabupaten Boyolali dengan angka kematian 83,3%. Genus Leptospira terdiri dari ratusan serovar dan tipe genetik yang hidup di pelbagai jenis habitat. Pengelompokan spesies Leptospira berdasarkan gen rpoB dapat digunakan karena tingkat polimorfisme gen tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serovar bakteri Leptospira pada populasi tikus di Kabupaten Boyolali menggunakan analisis hubungan kekerabatan didasarkan pada polimorfisme gen rpoB dan menggambarkan distribusi spasial tikus positif Leptospira di Kabupaten Boyolali. Penelitian potong lintang dilaksanakan pada April 2014 di Desa Sindon Kecamatan Ngemplak dan Desa Jeron Kecamatan Nogosari, Kabupaten Boyolali. Pemeriksaan Polymerase Chain Reaction dilakukan pada 104 sampel ginjal tikus dari dua lokasi penelitian. Analisis spasial sederhana dilakukan untuk memetakan sebaran tikus yang positif Leptospira. Terdapat enam sampel positif gen rpoB Leptospira pada Rattus tanezumi, Rattus argentiventer dan Suncus murinus. Lima dari keenam sampel menunjukkan hubungan kekerabatan yang paling dekat dengan Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe berdasarkan gen rpoB. Satu isolat tidak memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dengan serovar manapun yang masuk dalam cluster. Analisis spasial berdasarkan jarak aktivitas harian tikus menunjukkan tikus positif Leptospira ditemukan berada dalam kisaran 30 meter dan 150 meter dari penderita leptospirosis.
The elimination of malaria in the world is targeted in 2030. Java and Bali are targeted to get malaria elimination certification in 2023. The area in the Menoreh Hills, which is the border of 3 districts and two provinces, namely Magelang district and Purworejo district in Central Java Province; and Kulonprogo district, in Special Province of Yogyakarta. Magelang district has obtained a certificate of malaria elimination. This study uses a qualitative design with in-depth interviews with 4-6 informants in each district consisting of officers in the District Health Service, Public Health Center, District Planning and Development Agency, and People Welfare Unit in regional government. The activity was carried out from March 2018 to May 2019. The districts in the Menoreh Hills area have collaborated and held cross-regional meetings to eliminate malaria. Even though it had a different problem in human resources, funds, infrastructure, in general, cross-program has a role in the form of cooperation in activities that carried out together. The cross-sectoral involvement has not been seen much at the meeting, consolidation, and planning. Communities from three locations play a role in environmental cleanliness and migration surveillance. In the past, Magelang district has been active in collaborating cross-program and sectors as well as community participation compared to Kulonprogo and Purworejo districts, so that Magelang district can obtain a malaria elimination certificate first. However, currently, Kulonprogo and Purworejo districts have been active in collaborating cross-program and sectors, while in Magelang district are now weakening. The community already has awareness in the implementation of malaria migration surveillance. The community already has awareness in the implementation of malaria migration surveillance. Abstrak Eliminasi malaria di dunia ditargetkan pada tahun 2030. Jawa dan Bali ditargetkan mendapat sertifikasi eliminasi malaria pada tahun 2023. Kawasan Bukit Menoreh merupakan perbatasan dari 3 wilayah kabupaten dan 2 provinsi yaitu Magelang, Purworejo Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Kabupaten Kulonprogo Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Saat ini, Kabupaten Magelang telah memperoleh sertifikat eliminasi malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai/menentukan status kemitraan/kerjasama, lintas program, lintas sektor dan peran serta masyarakat dalam eliminasi malaria. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan metode wawancara mendalam kepada 4-6 informan pada setiap kabupaten yang terdiri dari petugas di dinas kesehatan kabupaten, puskesmas, Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah (Bappeda), serta pemerintah daerah bagian kesejahteraan rakyat (Kesra). Kegiatan dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2018-Mei 2019. Kabupaten di Kawasan Bukit Menoreh telah melakukan kerjasama dan pertemuan lintas wilayah dalam menanggulangi malaria. Meskipun mempunyai kendala yang berbeda-beda dari segi SDM, dana, sarana pra sarana, secara umum peran lintas program berupa kerjasama dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan bersama-sama. Lintas sektor yang terlibat belum banyak yang terlihat pada pertemuan, konsolidasi, dan perencanaan. Masyarakat dari ketiga lokasi berperan dalam kebersihan lingkungan, surveilans migrasi. Magelang lebih dahulu aktif melakukan kerjasama lintas program dan lintas sektor serta peran serta masyarakat dibandingkan Kulonprogo dan Purworejo sehingga dapat lebih dahulu memperoleh sertifikat eliminasi malaria. Saat ini kegiatan kerjasama lintas program dan sektor di kabupaten Magelang melemah. Sedangkan, Kulonprogo dan Purworejo telah aktif melakukan kerjasama lintas program dan lintas sektor serta peran serta masyarakat. Masyarakat sudah mempunyai kesadaran dalam pelaksanaan surveilans migrasi malaria.
Bukit Menoreh is a border area of three regencies and two provinces which have malaria problems. The target to achieve and maintain the predicate as being free or has eliminated malaria was carried out byvarious control methods, either as government programs or community participations. The area itself is a Javanese cultural area in which its values are stronglyheld. This affects existing malaria control efforts. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach, held in three districts in Bukit Menoreh, each with 2 villages. The data was obtained through observations, indepth interview, and focus group discussions (FGD) with 3 groups in each village. The results showed that from the various control efforts carried out there was a culture of ‘isin’ (shame), ‘pekewuh’ (feeling of reluctant), and the influence of community leaders, especially in ‘gotong royong’ or community service activities in environmental cleanliness, health educations, and migration surveillance. The conclusion of this study is that some of these values are supportive, and some are hindering the effort to control malaria. Therefore, a special approach is needed with attention to culture. Intervention to control malaria should pay local wisdom and culture so it can be accepted and implemented. Abstrak Bukit Menoreh adalah daerah perbatasan tiga kabupaten dari dua provinsi yang merupakan daerah dengan masalah malaria. Target mencapai dan mempertahankan predikat bebas atau eliminasi malaria dilakukan dengan berbagai cara pengendalian, baik program dari pemerintah maupun peran serta masyarakat. Wilayah ini merupakan wilayah budaya Jawa yang di dalamnya terdapat nilai-nilai budaya yang masih kuat dipegang. Hal ini berpengaruh terhadap usaha pengendalian malaria yang ada. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, di tiga kabupaten di Bukit Menoreh masing-masing diambil dua desa. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan diskusi kelompok terarah (DKT) terhadap tiga kelompok di tiap desa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari berbagai usaha pengendalian malaria terdapat budaya rasa isin (malu), rasa ewuh (sungkan), dan panut (patuh) terhadap pengaruh tokoh dalam masyarakat terutama dalam kegiatan kerja bakti atau gotong royong kebersihan lingkungan, sosialisasi, dan surveilans migrasi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa nilai tersebut ada yang mendukung dan ada yang menghambat usaha pengendalian malaria sehingga diperlukan pendekatan khusus dengan memperhatikan budaya. Kebijakan pengendalian malaria sebaiknya memperhatikan budaya lokal sehingga bisa menggunakan budaya lokal dan bisa diterima dan diterapkan.
Until March 2014 leptospirosis cases and its Case Fatality Rate increased in Pati and Boyolali. This study aims to describe distribution of infected rats and shrews in flood area in Pati and endemic area in Boyolali. Research carried out by the cross sectional design on March-April 2014. Coordinate of Leptospira infected rats and shrews were mapped using google earth with home range buffer. Data analyzed descriptively to describe distribution of infected rats and shrews. Pathogenic Leptospira sp. infected rats and shrews spread with random pattern. This results could be an explanation of higher transmission risk. of leptospirosis in the area of study
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever has not been reduced yet, therefore, the Ministry of Health has conducted aRiset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir in 2015 in 4 provinces, South Sumatera, Central Java, Central Sulawesiand Papua. This study aimed to determine the relationship of family participation in the community to thepresence of larvae Aedes sp. in Papua Province. Community attitudes to be studied include: the laying ofwater reservoirs, the closure of water reservoirs, the maintenance of fish in water reservoirs, the sowing oflarvicides at each water reservoir and the draining of water reservoirs. The presence of mosquito larvae isan indicator of the potential of community awareness of DHF. The sample in this analysis was 100 housesper district which was the Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir 2015 area in Papua. The method of takinglarvae wass done by taking a larva or pupa Aedes sp. using plastic pipette and transferred into vial tubeusing Single Larvae Method technique. The results showed from the overall container placed in the house,28.27 percent were positive larvae. Non-drained containers had a 15 times positive chance of larvaecompared to containers that are diligently drained once a week. This study also showed that the resultsof keeping fish in containers have a ratio of no larvae, with larvae being 91: 9. Larvaside sowing had no real effect on the presence or absence of larvae in Papua Province. The role of families in the communityenvironment needs to be further improved and supported by the role of health workers in the prevention ofdengue hemorrhagic fever. Abstrak Adanya permasalahan penyakit tular vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue yang semakin lama tidak kunjung berkurang malah semakin bertambah, Kementerian Kesehatan RI melakukan studi Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir pada 2015 di 4 provinsi, yaitu, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah dan Papua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan peran serta atau perilaku masyarakat terhadap keberadaan jentik Aedes sp. di Provinsi Papua. Perilaku masyarakat yang akan diteliti antara lain: peletakan tempat penampungan air, penutupan tempat penampungan air, pemeliharaan ikan pada tempat penampungan air, penaburan larvisida pada setiap tempat penampungan air dan pengurasan tempat penampungan air. Keberadaan jentik nyamuk merupakan indikator dari potensi keterjangkitan masyarakat akan DBD. Sampel dalam analisis ini yaitu 100 rumah per kabupaten yang menjadi wilayah penelitian Riset Khusus Vektora 2015 di Propinsi Papua. Jika pada tempat penampungan air yang diperiksa ditemukan jentik atau pupa Aedes sp., maka diambil dengan menggunakan pipet plastik dan dipindahkan ke dalam tabung vial menggunakan teknik Single Larvae Method. Secara deskriptif, pada tahun 2015 keberadaan jentik di Provinsi Papua pada 2015 sebesar 31,5%. Jumlah tempat penampungan air yang diperiksa berjumlah 1355 kontainer. Sebesar 68,4 persen kontainer tidak ditemukan jentik dan 31,6 persen ditemukan jentik. Dari keseluruhan kontainer yang diletakkan di dalam rumah, 28,27 persen positif jentik. Kontainer yang tidak dikuras memiliki peluang 15 kali positif jentik dibandingkan dengan kontainer yang rajin dikuras seminggu sekali. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan hasil memelihara ikan dalam kontainer memiliki rasio tidak terdapat jentik dengan terdapat jentik yaitu 91:9. Penaburan Larvasida tidak memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap ada dan tidaknya jentik di Provinsi Papua.
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