The year 2022 has served as a recall for the impact that climate change has in the South Asian region, which is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate shock. With a paucity of climate-based and geospatial observational studies in South Asia, this paper (i) links power sectors and carbon dioxide emissions, (ii) maps nitrogen dioxide density across three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), (iii) understands electricity generation trends and projects weather changes through 2100. We monitored data monitored between 1995 and 2021. The following databases were used: the International Energy Agency, the World Bank, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization. Raw data was obtained for climate indicators, which were entered into Microsoft Excel. Geospatial trends were generated in the ArcGIS geostatistical tool by adopting the ordinary kriging method to interpolate and create continuous surfaces depicting the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the three countries. We found increased usage of coal and fossil fuels in three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh). Both were significant contributors to carbon dioxide emissions. The geographic localities in South Asia were densely clouded with nitrogen dioxide as reported with the tropospheric column mapping. There are expected to be increased days with a heat index >35 °C, and consecutive dry days from 2020 and 2100. We also found increased chances of flooding in certain regions across the three countries. This study monitored climate change indicators and projects between 1995 and 2100. Lastly, we make recommendations to improve the relationship of the environment and living beings.

Water treatment through photocatalysts has become an important topic regarding environmental protection. In the present study, silver and TiO2 (Ag/TiO2) composites for photocatalysts were effectively synthesized by adopting the template induced method. The prepared samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. The constructed samples’ particle size and shape were evaluated using a SEM, and the XRD patterns showed anatase crystalline phases. Their morphologies were controllable with changing concentration of reactants and calcination temperature. The synthesized composites act as catalyst in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under solar irradiation. In both of these activities, the best result has been shown by the 0.01 Ag/TiO2 composite. Methanol is used as the hole scavenger in the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). While the pH factor is important in the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). According to observations, S. macrospora and S. maydis were each subject to 0.01 Ag/TiO2 nanocomposites maximum antifungal activity, which was 38.4 mm and 34.3 mm, respectively. The outcomes demonstrate that both photocatalytic and antifungal properties are effectively displayed by the constructed material.

The present study focuses on the reduction of significant postharvest blue mold disease of lemon (Citrus limon L) fruit through the use of Bacillus strains in vivo and in vitro conditions. Blue mold which is caused by Penicillium italicum is the most dangerous postharvest disease of lemon fruit and causes significant losses in citrus fruits. In this study, antagonistic compounds like Cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) produced by Bacillus strains were used to control P. italicum. CLPs are considered best the antagonistic compound of Bacillus Strains that primarily play an important role in the reduction of plant diseases and have three important families such as iturin, fengycin, and surfactin. This study was carried out by using seven strains of the genus Bacillus that were used in vitro assay. Among these seven strains, two strains Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus thuringiensis showed wonderful inhibition zone in vitro assay carried out in Petri plates. Further CLPs were extracted from the both best strains and used in vivo assay on lemon fruit and showed less disease incidence and lesion diameter of disease. Furthermore, lemon fruits treated with CLPs showed increasing defense mechanisms of enzymes P AL, PPO, and PO. This study indicates the strong antifungal effect of Bacillus strains and their metabolites CLPs against the blue mold of lemon.