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Synthesized by the reaction between α-cellulose and m-tolyl isocyanate (MTI), cellulose carbamate (CC) was blended with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to fabricate substrates for thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes. The introduction of CC into substrates improved both membrane structure and performance. The substrates exhibited higher porosity and hydrophilicity, and better connective pore structure; while rejection layer exhibited better morphology but limited cross-linked degree decrease after the introduction of CC. According to the results, the CC blend ratio of 10% was the optimal ratio. With this blend ratio, the TFC-10 membrane presented favorable water permeability (1.86 LMH/bar) and structure parameter (337 μm), which resulted in excellent FO performance (water flux with a value of 40.40 LMH and specific salt flux with a value of 0.099 g/L under rejection layer faces draw solution [DS] mode when 1 M NaCl and deionized water were utilized as DS and feed solution). In addition, the TFC-10 membrane showed good water flux and low-sulfate ion leakage in the potential application of brackish water desalination.

Industrialization releases many high-viscosity oil pollutants into the environment, requiring a hydrophobic recyclable oil-absorbing material. Therefore, a self-heating and superhydrophobic melamine sponge (MS) by connecting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was coated with functionalized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets on a three-dimensional microstructure of a commercial MS (MoS2/PDMS/MS) via a simple and low-cost dip-coating method. The prepared sponge showed a water contact angle of 151.8°, indicating that the modified sponge exhibited superhydrophobicity. Due to the addition of MoS2, the modified sponge can convert light into heat, and its surface could be heated to 59.7 °C within 30 s. Because of the excellent MoS2/PDMS/MS photothermal performance, the sponge could decrease the viscosity of the high-viscosity oil, absorbing the high-viscosity oil efficiently. After simultaneous thermal analysis and repeated compression tests, the modified sponge exhibited high thermochemical stability, mechanical property, and reusability. This superhydrophobic multifunctional sponge shows excellent potential for high-viscosity oil absorption.

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