Child maltreatment is a multi-dimensional construct including (1) abuse or acts of commission, i.e. physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse and (2) neglect or acts of omission, i.e. failure to meet a child's basic physical, emotional, medical/dental or educational needs (Child Welfare Information Gateway 2013).Institutional care remains a major intervention in Czech Republic for children whose parents are not willing or able to care adequately for them. Despite the best intentions of those providing out-of-home care, many problems in these children tend to linger and continue up to adulthood. Balbernie (2010) speaks of cumulative trauma: the child grows up in a dysfunctional family which neglects the child emotionally or physically, and is then taken away from the family and placed into institutional care which is unable to provide for adequate basic emotional needs. McGrath-Lone et al. (2016) consider institutionally-reared children as a vulnerable group associated with multiple adverse outcomes including poorer health, problematic relationships with their peers, risky behavior (drinking, drug-taking, teenage pregnancy), and academic underachievement, as well as a higher probability of being unemployed, imprisoned, homeless, or a victim of violent crime. Humphreys et al. (2015) found that children who experienced institutional rearing as young children had significantly higher levels of callous-unemotional traits in early adolescence compared to children who were never institutionalized.Negative emotional experiences in childhood shape the brain of an individual as the brain is highly plastic during this period (

There are not many studies dealing with a comparison of the eye movements of individuals with dyslexia and developmental language disorder (DLD). The aim of this study is to compare the eye movements in the two most common language disorders, dyslexia and DLD and to consider their contribution to diagnostics. In the research the oculomotor test was administered to 60 children with the clinical diagnosis of dyslexia or DLD and 58 typically developing children (controls). The test included a prosaccadic task, antisaccadic task and a nonverbal sequential task with self-regulation of the pace. Controls could be singled out from other two clinical groups by means of the oculomotor imaging. Both of the clinical groups in comparison with the controls were characterized by worse overall performance. Through the employment of the oculomotor it was possible to differentiate between both of the clinical groups. The dyslexics had an overall worse oculomotor performance than the DLD group. The results of the study show that the oculomotor test has the potential to contribute to diagnostics of dyslexia and DLD and the screening of these disorders at pre-school age.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the relationship between the personality and eye movements of nonmaltreated subjects and maltreated subjects. Method:The control group consisted of 129 women with an average age of 18 years while the clinical group was made up of subjects with a long history of abuse or maltreatment. The prosaccade and antisaccade task and a BFI-44 which assesses the "Big Five" personality factors were administered to all of the participants. For the statistical analysis, linear modeling and discriminant analysis have been used.Results: By controls we have found an association between eye movements and self-reported personality as indexed by the "Big Five" personality factors. In contrast, we noticed with maltreated subjects a dissociation between the oculomotor finding and personality. This dissociation may be regarded as a diagnostic marker of the maltreatment. Dissociative effects of maltreatment differed because of personality traits. The largest were by Agreeableness and Openness, where the reliability of the oculomotor test was weaker. Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism, all associated with eye movements, are comparable with the members of the control group. Conclusion:The role of antisaccade task can contribute to the diagnostics of the adverse impact of maltreatment on the personality of an individual.

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