Since its origins, when it was mainly connected to the field of economics, game theory has brought important theoretic insights into many domains. Besides biology, philosophy or computer science, its findings have been applied to various fields of public policy. One specific area of public policy is that of security. Within the last two decades we have been witnesses to a significant increase in efforts to model security issues using tools of game theory and to derive political implications. The paper deals with the model of a Stackelberg security game and its real-world applications in security domains. The main aim and purpose of the paper is to provide a survey of selected cases of real-world deployed applications of the game-theoretic Stackelberg model in the area of public security and, based on the literature analysis, to discuss the potential and limitations of the model for policy- and decision-makers that are dealing with security measures on various governmental levels. Existing cases clearly indicate that the model can contribute to a better design and implementation of the security policy and help implement a better allocation of resources and thus potentially improve the effectiveness of security measures. On the other hand, the paper also discusses some limitations and potential future adjustments of the model together with points for further research.
This paper deals with classroom experiments in economics, which have been derived from laboratory experiments. These experiments cover a broad range of topics, from strictly economic ones (like market games or auctions) to those with overlaps to other domains such as public policy. The paper discusses different methodologies of research and classroom experiments, introduces the benefits of the latter and presents a concrete teaching experiment used in public economics courses at the Faculty of Economics and Administration of Masaryk University. Another link between economic experiments and public policy is outlined here as well, namely the importance of experimental results for public policy makers.
Dodržování daňové morálky je jednou z oblastí, kde laboratorní experimenty mohou přispět k pochopení individuální racionality ekonomických subjektů. Teoretický model založený na teorii očekávaného užitku a předpokladu racionálního jedince (homo oeconomicus) není schopen pokrýt a vysvětlit komplexitu individuálního rozhodování o (ne)dodržení daňových zákonů. Zároveň platí, že možnosti zkoumat daný jev „v terénu“ jsou omezené. Výsledky získané prostřednictvím laboratorního testování tak mohou pomoci zaplnit prázdná místa ve výzkumu. Námi prezentovaná analýza se v této souvislosti zaměřuje na několik dílčích cílů. Vzhledem k relativně malému povědomí v české odborné komunitě (i) diskutujeme relevanci metody laboratorního experimentu v ekonomii pro zkoumání chování daňových subjektů, přičemž se opíráme o (ii) shrnutí dosavadního stavu poznání ve zkoumané oblasti. Detailněji experimentální metodu (iii) představují výsledky vlastního výzkumu (experimentu). V experimentu, který představuje náš příspěvek, jsme se zaměřili na posouzení vlivu dvou základních fiskálních proměnných na míru dodržování daňové morálky. Cílem je posoudit vliv měnící se pravděpodobnosti daňové kontroly a výši sankce uložené v případě krácení daně. Naší výzkumnou otázkou bylo, zda a do jaké míry měnící se hodnota těchto proměnných ovlivní chování daňového poplatníka, resp. jeho ochotu odvádět daň v řádné výši. Výsledky provedeného experimentu ukazují, že reakce českých subjektů na parametrickou změnu těchto proměnných je velmi obdobná, jako je tomu v zahraničních experimentech. Z obou studovaných faktorů má na ochotu řádně platit daně výraznější vliv rostoucí pravděpodobnost daňové kontroly. Naopak vliv výše uložené sankce je spíše marginální.
Purpose Scholarly research on e-procurement has been limited and, like e-government, e-procurement has been researched primarily from the perspective of adoption/non-adoption. This paper aims to focus on public administration employees’ perceptions of the quality of národní elektronický nástroj (NEN) – the Czech national e-procurement tool they are required to use. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based primarily on statistical analysis of data obtained through two questionnaire surveys addressed to contacts from of all Czech central state administration bodies using NEN; 175 completed questionnaires were gathered in 2020 and 128 in 2022 and subjected to statistical analysis in SPSS. Findings NEN was launched as fully operational in August 2015. The research indicates that in 2022 there were still important gaps in the quality of NEN as perceived by public employees. Social implications The paper has important practical implications for e-procurement policymakers. It shows that making the e-procurement system compulsory is not sufficient. The government needs to guarantee that it would be competitive with tools that would otherwise be preferred. Otherwise, the application of the digital-by-default principle may lead to institutionalisation of services that are not user-friendly. This has important implications for e-government/e-procurement management and change management. Originality/value Little is known about public employees’ perceptions of the quality of e-government and e-procurement. Although e-procurement is an area where the digital-by-default principle was implemented rather early, the quality of e-procurement has still received limited attention in research.
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