<p>The research is focused on the development of landslide slopes in areas with mixed agricultural and built-up land use in the middle mountain region. The multi-stage studies of the development of landslide slopes were carried out in the 20-year period after na extreme 1997 hydrometeorological event in Beskid Wyspowy Mountains, Polish Flysch Carpathians.</p><p>Landslides occupy 30-70% of slopes in the Flysch Carpathians. Meanwhile, this region has high population density (approx. 130 people per km<sup>2</sup>), which combined with medium inclination of slopes encourages people for settlement and agricultural land-use on landslide slopes. Development of slopes in the Flysch Carpathians occurs most often during extreme hydrometeorological events. One of the most significant events took place in 1997 and it was unique one in terms of both the rainfall total and its intensity. After this event approximately 20,000 landslides were created or reactivated in the Polish Carpathians.</p><p>Six areas in the immediate vicinity of the Łososina River and its tributaries were selected for the study. All areas were transformed by landslides during the 1997 event. The degree of activation of landslides was determined on the basis of field studies carried out after the extreme event in 1997 and the analysis of DTM and orthophotos (1997-2019). A number of relief parameters of activated landslides were analyzed in detail, including: slope, density of drainage network, shape (W/D), type of landslide.</p><p>In five studied areas older landslides were present, covering up to 65% of the area. In one of the studied slope no landslides older than 1997 were detected. Most of landslides that occurred in 1997 occurred within the older landslide forms. As a result, the total area of the slopes affected by "new" landslides increased by only 1.0-1.7% of the studied slopes’ area. The rejuvenated landslides covered 8 to 26% of the area of landslides existing before 1997. Principal landslide activity was the formation of numerous secondary scarps, fissures and a fresh accumulation zones of colluvia. Subsequent development of the landslide slopes during the 1997-2017 period was investigated. Extreme precipitation events occurring during that period, especially in 1998, 2001, 2010, 2014, were analyzed in terms of their efficiency in transformation of the studied landslides.</p><p>The changes in land use in activated parts of landslides were also analyzed. It was found that there was a significant increase in forest area of 13-52% in activated parts of the landslides in 2017 compared to 1997. As a result a complex land use mosaic developed in the study area with forest patches and different agricultural areas (pastures, orchards, arable lands and abandoned fields).</p>

<div> <p>The study is focused on a multi-staged development of slopes affected by landslides in Beskid Wyspowy Mountains, Polish Flysch Carpathians. The role of extreme 1997 hydro-meteorological event as well as successive events in years 1998-2017 in landslide triggering was particularly taken into account.   </p> </div><div> <p>The flysch Carpathians are characterized by large percentage of an area affected by landslides. Landslides occupy 30-70% of slopes in this area. Meanwhile, this region has high population density (approx. 130 people per km2), which combined with low inclination of slopes encourages people for settlement and agricultural land-use on slopes, including landslide slopes.  </p> </div><div> <p>Development of slopes in flysch Carpathians is currently progressing mainly during extreme hydro-meteorological events. One of the most significant events took place in 1997 and it was unique one in terms of both the rainfall total and its intensity. After this event approximately 20,000 landslides were created or reactivated in the Polish Carpathians.  </p> </div><div> <p>Six slope sections ranging from the foot to the top of the ridge were selected for the research. All these sections were transformed by landslides during the 1997 event. They are all located in the Beskid Wyspowy Mts., which is one of the regions most affected by landslides in Polish Flysch Carpathians in 1997.  </p> </div><div> <p>The degree of activation of landslide slopes in 1997 and thereafter was defined based on field research and the analysis of DTM and orthophotomaps. A number of parameters of the relief of activated landslides were analyzed in detail, including: their slope, network of drainage. Later these parameters were compared to the relief parameters in inactivated parts of landslides. </p> </div><div> <p>In one of the studied slope sections no landslides older than 1997 were detected. In other studied slope sections older landslides were present, covering up to 65% of the section’s area. The rejuvenation of landslides covered from 8 to 26% of the area of landslides existing before 1997. Main landslide activity was the formation of numerous secondary scarps, fissures and a fresh accumulation zones of colluvia. Most of landslides that occurred in 1997 occurred within the older landslide forms. As a result, the total area of the slopes affected by landslides increased by only 1.0-1.7% of the studied slopes’ area.  </p> </div><div> <p>The further development of the landslide slopes in the period 1997-2017 was investigated. Precipitation events occurring during that period, especially in 1998, 2001, 2010 2014, were analyzed in terms of their efficiency in transformation of the studied landslides. The changes in land use in activated parts of landslides were also analyzed. It was found that there was a significant increase in forest cover of 13-52% in activated parts of the landslides in 2017 compared to 1997. An increase in the diversity of the relief of landslide slopes and a greater mosaic of land use, especially a decrease in agricultural land for the benefit of the forest were found.</p> </div>

<p>Satellite data is becoming a progressively accurate source of weather information. An increasing resolution and the number of spectral channels allows to determine the location and recognition of clouds due to their optical and thermal properties.</p> <p>Predicting the movement of correctly defined deep convection clouds (DCC) is of great importance in forecasting the course of dangerous phenomena for households as well as human health and life. The analysis of trends and occurrence of DCC will make it possible to verify the current climate models, which estimate that the aforementioned phenomena will intensify in the future.</p> <p>The most common method of detecting DCC is based on the cloud tops temperature. The lower the temperature, the higher and more extensive the cloud is.</p> <p>The aim of the study is to determine the influence of parallax shift on the frequency of deep convection clouds (DCC).</p> <p>A geostationary satellite is located at a fixed point in the orbit, which means that the angle of view at higher latitudes is smaller. The higher the object, the greater the parallax shift of the object in relation to its true location. In order to verify the shift and its significance in the analysis of the trend of DCC occurrence, it is necessary to check what values the shift takes and whether it causes significant losses in the number of detected DCC.</p> <p>The data used for the analysis come from the geostationary satellite Meteosat Second Generation 1 (MSG1) - Meteosat-8, whose sub-satellite point has coordinates: 0<sup>o</sup>N and 3.4° W. And from the circumpolar satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which it flies at an altitude of 705 km and its cycle lasts 16 days. The cloud tops temperature was obtained from both satellites and used to estimate the cloud tops height.</p> <p>The analyzes were carried out for the case study of July 4, 2005.</p> <p>To perform the parallax correction of the geostationary satellite, the existing parallax correction methods were used. For the first time, an attempt was also made to perform parallax correction for a circumpolar satellite.</p> <p>This research was funded by the National Science Institute of Poland. Grand no. UMO-2020/39/B/ST10/00850.</p>