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STRESZCZENIE ZAWÓD PIELĘGNIARKA -JAKIE MOŻLIWOŚCI MAJĄ MŁODZI ABSOLWENCI KIERUNKU PIELĘGNIARSTWO WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ POLSCE Wprowadzenie. Młodzi absolwenci kierunku pielęgniarstwo mają szereg możliwości. Głównie ze względu na braki kadrowe w sektorze ochrony zdrowia. Cel pracy. Celem pracy była analiza piśmiennictwa dotycząca ścieżek kariery zawodowej pielęgniarek, migracji personelu pielęgniarskiego, ich motywacji oraz analiza rynku kadry pielęgniarskiej. Omówienie. W pracy poruszono także kwestie związane z wizerunkiem pielęgniarki w Polsce. Polskie pielęgniarstwo boryka się obecnie z wieloma problemami a jednym z nich jest właśnie migracja polskich pielęgniarek. Kolejnym są możliwości rozwoju pielęgniarek. Młodzi absolwenci kierunku pielęgniarstwa zdają sobie sprawę z tego, że świat stoi przed nimi otworem. Oczekują więc zachęty ze strony polskiego pracodawcy. Pracodawcy powinni umożliwiać swoim pracownikom darmowe kursy i szkolenia. Realia bywają jednak różne. Podsumowanie. W pracy zwrócono uwagę z jakimi dylematami i problemami borykają się młodzi absolwenci kierunku pielęgniarstwo oraz jakie możliwości dają im nie tylko pracodawcy, ale cały system opieki zdrowotnej. Słowa kluczowe: absolwent, pielęgniarstwo, rozwój, możliwości, Polska ABSTRACT NURSE PROFESSION -WHAT ARE THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE YOUNG NURSING GRADUATES IN MODERN POLAND Introduction. Young graduates of nursing have a number of opportunities. This is mainly due to the staff shortages in the health sector.Aim. The aim of the thesis was the review of the literature related to the career paths of nurses, the migration of nursing staff, their motivation and the nursing staff field analysis.Conclusions. The article also deals with issues related to the image of a nurse in Poland. Polish nursing is currently grappling with many problems, and one of them is the migration of Polish nurses. Another one is a possibility of the development of nurses. Young nursing graduates are aware of the fact that the world is their oyster. They are awaiting the encouragement from the Polish employer.In addition, development opportunities should also be provided by employers, allowing their employees free courses and training. However, the reality is different. Summary. The thesis includes dilemmas and problems with which young graduates of nursing deal with, and raises the question what opportunities are provided for them not only by the employer but also by the whole health system.

Introduction: Professional exposure of medical staff is an adverse event that might accompany the procedure of providing medical care. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was the assessment of the incidence of professional exposure of medical staff providing medical care in one of the hospitals of the Malopolska region between 2013 and 2016. Material and methods: In order to assess the exposure of medical staff an analysis of medical records from the period of 2013-2016 was carried out in the 5 th Military Clinical Hospital and Polyclinic in Krakow. The source of information was an Individual Card of Professional Exposure including the results of blood tests or tests for other potentially infectious fomites. The study included all reported cases of professional exposure that appeared during the examined period in the examined 400-bed hospital. Results: In the years 2013-2016 as many as 96 cases of professional exposure were observed, and they were more common in women-70.8% and nurses-50%. The dominating source of professional exposure was the operating theatre. The activities that potentially pose the highest risk of professional exposure included patient's treatment or surgery as well as collecting material for medical tests. An obvious exposure was observed in 72.9% of the cases, and blood was the statistically most common exposure material. Conclusions: Despite significant professional exposure to fomites, especially to blood, no hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were observed in the examined medical staff.

Aim. The aim of the study was to analyse the literature concerning nursing education in Poland, with particular emphasis on current education and the Medical High School and Medical Vocational College at the secondary level in the basic range.Material and methods. Literature review and analysis of documents (certificates, teaching index) in the field of nursing education in Poland.Results. Initially, the role of nurses was played by the clergy or volunteers, by people who lacked both theoretical and practical knowledge to work in the profession, until the professional training began and qualified persons started to practice the profession. Nursing has been changing its form for many thousands of years. The first unification of the nursing education system took place in 1961, followed by the introduction of the Bologna Process in 2000.Conclusions. This thisis points to the differences between the courses of nursing education in a period from 18th century until today. Nursing education has changed its form for many years. Today, professional nurses have different levels of education, from secondary to higher education.

The purpose of this study is to discuss non-pharmacological methods of lower limb varices treatment for patients not qualified for surgical procedures. These methods can be used by both nurses and patients. There are the following types of varices treatment: interventional treatment, compression therapy and other non-pharmacological methods. Surgery is a traditional method of treatment, however it is not suitable for lower limb arterial ischemia, deep vein patency, haemorrhagic diathesis, deep vein thrombosis, acute infectious disease, pregnancy and class I obesity (BMI>29). In the abovementioned cases the following types of non-invasive treatment are recommended: compression therapy and other such non-pharmacological methods as; limb elevation, diet, hardening of the arteries in the affected limb, proper footwear selection and physical activity. Despite the degree of severity of the condition and undertaken surgical procedures the preventive medical treatment should be considered in the therapy as it (the therapy) significantly affects the further development of varicose veins and the severity of ailments related to the disease. Results of a number of studies confirm the importance of the integrity between pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.