Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and pulmonary valve dysfunction are commonly seen in pediatric patients, particularly those with Tetralogy of Fallot. 1 Most of these patients undergo surgical repair with the expectation that they may require surgical re-intervention to replace a regurgitant pulmonary valve or to relieve RVOT stenosis. 2 The first transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation was performed by Bonhoeffer et al. 3 in early 2000 with a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common type of age-related valve disease associated with a poor prognosis, even in patients who receive optimal medical therapy. In patients who undergo isolated tricuspid valve (TV) surgery, the operative mortality rate is 10%. 1 Thus, additional approaches for managing TR are needed. The 2021 European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Guidelines for managing valvular heart disease suggested a potential role for the use of transcatheter TV intervention in patients with TR who are at high surgical risk. 2

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than the general population. 1 In addition, these patients are at greater risk of developing complications from percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which is most likely due to differences in hemostasis physiology, challenging coronary anatomy, and the presence of significant concurrent comorbidities.Frequency in the use of "complex" PCI-the definition of which remains to be standardized-has increased over the past decade. 2 However, it remains unclear whether the complexity of the coronary intervention has an additional effect on cardiovascular outcomes in patients when compared with standard PCI, in patients with or without CKD.In this issue of Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, Chen et al. 3 sought to answer this question by performing a retrospective analysis using a large single-center database. They

Iso-osmolar versus low-osmolar contrast agents to reduce the incidence of renal and cardiovascular side effects Contrast-related adverse events remain a significant clinical complication, particularly during complex peripheral interventions, as there is notable overlap in the risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and contrast-induced kidney injury: namely, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes. Therefore, we often must attempt to strike a delicate balance between an acceptable percutaneous result for claudication or limb salvage and limiting the potential for contrastinduced complications.