After the tremendous accidents in European road tunnels over the past decade, many safety assessment methods have been proposed worldwide, most of them based on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA). However, QRAs based on causal chains and event modeling (i.e. fault and event trees), have been subject to strong criticism for their limitations to capture the overall risk picture of complex socio-technical systems. In such systems, human and organizational factors, software errors, design flaws and the safety culture of the system are not efficiently handled by the current QRA methods and systemic accident models have been proposed as an alternative approach to better understand and manage safety. The aim of this work is to overview the limitations of current QRAs in the road tunnels field, and to introduce a STAMPbased technique as an alternative method for establishing a proactive safety strategy and evaluating the overall safety of these critical infrastructures, with the objective to overcome the QRAs limitations. The STAMP method is applied to a case study analysis in the safety critical process of tunnel ventilation during an emergency.

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