Since the creation of SPC «ECHO +», special attention has been paid to ultrasonic testing methods that provide visualization of defect images and measurement of their sizes. Due to its high sensitivity and high accuracy, diffraction methods in many cases make it possible to solve the problem of identifying, classifying, and determining the parameters of defects. A review of the capabilities of equipment and software developed by SPC «ECHO +» for the implementation of TOFD technology is presented.

В статье проведен анализ истории возникновения, основных характеристик, важнейших достижений и последствий четвертой промышленной революции. Автором изложена история развития аграрной и промышленных революций, показаны отличия четвертой промышленной революции от ее предшественниц, раскрыты предпосылки появления и масштабы преобразований этой революции, рассмотрены ее результаты и последствия, влияющие на все сферы жизнедеятельности общества. Четвертая промышленная революция кардинально преобразует мир и открывает неограниченные возможности для развития государств, компаний и граждан. Но последствия внедрения ее достижений выглядят неоднозначно: они приводят как к снижению цен на товары и услуги, росту потребления, мобильности и информированности граждан, снижению затрат и росту производительности труда в коммерческих предприятиях и государственных структурах, так и к сокращению потребности в персонале, падению доходов, социальных гарантий и ухудшению условий занятости, сокращению социальных программ, росту неравенства, вывоза капитала в офшорные зоны, росту закредитованности населения, компаний и государств, а также к повсеместному снижению темпов экономического роста. Это определяет необходимость разработки государственных программ управления развитием четвертой промышленной революции, поддержки инновационных предприятий, сокращения налоговой нагрузки, снижения неопределенности в экономике и правовой поддержки бизнеса, ликвидации деструктивных последствий цифровизации экономики и защиты наименее обеспеченной части населения.

Transformation of organizations is a regular and continuous process proving the development of all spheres of economy and society. The article deals with the theory and practice of establishing organizations of the new type, which can reveal the potential of every employee. The author investigated the evolution of organization development for the last 100 years, showed the foundations of the theory of turquoise organizations by F. Lalu and described three discoveries of this theory and the essential characteristics of the turquoise organizations, which could crucially change the current system of management and provide a real breakthrough in raising its efficiency. Special attention is paid to specificity of introducing the model of turquoise organization in Russian and overseas companies. Key elements of the organizational model of well-known foreign turquoise companies, such as Buurtzorg, Sun Hydraulics, FAVI, working in different fields, were given in the article. Competitive advantages of these companies working by turquoise principles of management and showing fast growth in key lines of activity were demonstrated. The author studied the experience of establishing turquoise organizations in Russia (the VkusVill company, the Saving bank, the Modulbank and the internet-bank Tochka) and identified the basic turquoise principles introduced in management of these organizations, their results and prospects of development and analyzed problems connected with limited use of the turquoise model. The article provides concrete recommendations aimed at introduction of turquoise principles in practice of Russian companies’ work.

The departure of large foreign car manufacturers from the Russian market negatively affects all partners and interested parties car dealers, suppliers, employees, buyers and fans of brands of departed companies. This departure became even more painful for Ford itself, which leaves the domestic market with a loss of $ 500 million, which is 14% of the total annual profit of Ford Motor Co. in 2018 This sad event was caused by a number of circumstances: the consequences of the global financial crisis, the devaluation of the national currency, the decline in sales in the Russian car market, company errors in pricing, marketing policies and updating the model range, in assessing the prospects for marketing products and creating excess production capacities, as well as refusal to independently manage Russian business and the choice for this Russian partner in a joint venture. A close study of the reasons that forced the recent leader of the Russian car market to Ford to close its car factories and stop selling them in Russia is presented in the article. Particular attention is paid to the development of the domestic car market, the development of effective competition strategies in the face of falling household incomes and rising product prices, state support for the domestic auto industry, as well as the specifics of creating joint ventures in the Russian Federation and assessing the resource capabilities of joint venture partners.

Creation of the new company – a necessary stage of the beginning of any business. This stage is the base of her future potential. In article process of creation of the Starbucks and Nike companies in the absence of significant advantages at the initial stage of their development is investigated, the reasons of success, feature of the subsequent development of effective strategy and competitive advantages as bases of their global expansion in the world markets are considered. Special attention is paid by the author to the embodiment of passionate desire of founders of the companies to creation of a high-quality product of the world level causing in buyers insuperable thirst of possession of Results of a research allow to conclude that creation of the company can begin with elementary actions, including copying of business models of competitors, use of traditional technologies, but means of achievement of leadership in the market nevertheless is the subsequent development of successful strategy and competitive advantages. Studying of experience of creation of the Starbucks and Nike companies allows to simplify process of formation of the new perspective companies and can be used in domestic corporate management.