The oxidation of Br À by Cl 2 À is investigated by pulse radiolysis in aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaBr. Depending on the ratio of the concentration of Br À to Cl À , the main product being observed is either Cl 2 À , ClBr À or Br 2 À . The mixed radical anion ClBr À exhibits a broad absorption band at 350 nm with e 350 ¼ 9300 dm 3 mol À1 cm À1 . The rate constants of the equilibrium Cl 2 À + Br À Ð ClBr À + Cl À are determined to be k f ¼ 4 Â 10 9 and k b ¼ 1.1 Â 10 2 dm 3 mol À1 s À1 .
Background
Patients’ needs and perspectives are important determinants of treatment success in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Assessing patients’ perspectives can help identify unmet needs and enhance the understanding of treatment benefits.
Objective
The SENSE study assessed the impact of inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on treatment satisfaction, disease outcomes, and patient perspectives related to RA disease management.
Methods
SENSE was a noninterventional, cross-sectional study conducted in 18 countries across Europe, Asia, and South America. Adult patients with poorly controlled RA of moderate/high disease activity were eligible. Patient satisfaction was assessed by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM v1.4). Treatment adherence, healthcare resource utilization (HRU), quality of life (QoL), work ability, digital health literacy (DHL), patient preference information, and treatment strategy were also assessed.
Results
A total of 1624 patients were included in the study: most were female (84.2%) and middle-aged, and mean disease duration was 10.5 years. Mean TSQM global satisfaction subscore was 60.9, with only 13.5% of patients reporting good treatment satisfaction (TSQM global ≥80). The strongest predictor of good treatment satisfaction was treatment with advanced therapies. Most patients (87.4%) reported good treatment adherence. In general, patients had impaired QoL and work ability, high HRU, and 67.4% had poor DHL. Leading treatment expectations were “general improvement of arthritis” and “less joint pain”. Most patients preferred oral RA medications (60.7%) and rapid (≤1 week) onset of action (71.1%). “Increased risk for malignancies” and “increased risk for cardiovascular disease” were the least acceptable side effects. Despite suboptimal control, advanced therapies were only used in a minority of patients, and DMARD switches were planned for only half of the patients.
Conclusion
Suboptimal disease control negatively impacts treatment satisfaction, work ability, QoL, and HRU. Data collected on patient perspectives may inform shared decision-making and optimize treat-to-target strategies for improving patient outcomes in RA.
Chloride / Bromide / Aqueous solution / Pulse radiolysis / Oxidation / Radical anions / EquilibriumSummary. The oxidation of Br − by Cl 2 − is investigated by gamma pulse radiolysis in aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaBr. Depending on the ratio of the concentration of Br − to Cl − , the main product being observed is either Cl 2 − , ClBr − or Br 2 − . The mixed radical anion ClBr − exhibits a broad absorption band at 350 nm with ε 350 = 9300 dm 3 mol −1 cm −1 . The rate constants of the equilibrium Cl 2 − + Br − ⇔ ClBr − + Cl − are determined to be k f = 4 × 10 9 dm 3 mol −1 s −1 and k b = 1.1 × 10 2 dm 3 mol −1 s −1 . The formation of the Cl 3 − (λ max = 220 nm), Cl 2 Br − (λ max = 230 nm) and ClBr 2 − (λ max = 245 nm) ions in the radiation-chemical oxidation of Cl − and Br − ions in an aqueous solution was observed by pulse radiolysis, and its mechanisms of appearance and the equilibrium constants were determined.
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