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Аллергические реакции достаточно широко распространены у беременных. Наиболее частыми проявлениями аллергической реакции во время беременности являются: со стороны респираторного тракта – аллергический ринит и бронхиальная астма, со стороны кожи и подкожной клетчатки (аллергодерматозы) – крапивница, ангионевротический отек, атопический дерматит. Как правило, аллергия не влияет на течение беременности, а беременность не оказывает воздействия на аллергический процесс, однако аллергические реакции у беременных могут вызывать трудности, связанные с подбором фармацевтических препаратов. В статье обсуждаются практические вопросы ведения беременных с аллергическими заболеваниями. Уделяется внимание месту немедикаментозных методов: гипоаллергенной диете и энтеросорбентам при пищевой аллергии, применению спреев на основе солевых растворов при аллергическом рините. Медикаментозное ведение беременных, страдающих аллергическими заболеваниями, – компромисс между потенциальным неблагоприятным влиянием лекарственных препаратов на плод и течение беременности и последствиями неконтролируемого течения аллергии. При необходимости назначения антигистаминных средств во втором-третьем триместрах следует исходить из того, что к категории В по классификации Управления по надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств США (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) – «нет доказательств риска» относятся хлорфенирамин, ципрогептадин (Перитол), дифенгидрамин (Димедрол), хлоротрипеленамин (Супрастин), цетиризин (Зиртек, Цетрин), лоратадин (Кларитин), левоцетиризин (Ксизал). Противопоказан прием астемизола, терфенадина, Тавегила (клемастина) из-за тератогенного или фетотоксического эффекта, дезлоратадина и кетотифена ввиду их способности проникать через плаценту. Глюкокортикостероиды являются препаратами выбора при лечении тяжелых форм аллергических заболеваний у беременных. Назальные глюкокортикостероиды широко применяются при лечении среднетяжелого и тяжелого аллергического ринита. Ингаляционные глюкокортикостероиды занимают центральное место в качестве базисных средств при бронхиальной астме. Препаратом выбора является будесонид, имеющий наилучший профиль безопасности и располагающий наибольшей доказательной базой. При атопическом дерматите у беременных широко используются топические глюкокортикостероиды (Адвантан, Локоид, Элоком) в виде кремов и мазей. При необходимости назначения пероральных глюкокортикостероидов (генерализованная крапивница, ангионевротический отек, тяжелое обострение атопического дерматита) предпочтение отдается преднизолону. Категорически противопоказаны депонированные глюкокортикостероиды. Обсуждается также применение кромоглициевой кислоты, моноклональных антител, деконгестантов, бронхолитиков. Allergic reactions are quite common in pregnant women. The most common manifestations of an allergic reaction during pregnancy are: from the respiratory tract – allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, from the skin and subcutaneous tissue (allergodermatosis) – urticaria, angioedema, atopic dermatitis. As a rule, allergies do not affect the course of pregnancy, and pregnancy does not affect the allergic process, however, allergic reactions in pregnant women can cause difficulties associated with the selection of pharmaceuticals. The article discusses practical issues of pregnant women with allergic diseasesmanagement. Attention is paid to the place of non-drug methods: hypoallergenic diet and enterosorbents for food allergies, the use of sprays based on saline solutions for allergic rhinitis. Medication management of pregnant women suffering from allergic diseases is a compromise between the potential adverse effect of medications on the fetus and the course of pregnancy and the consequences of uncontrolled allergy. If it is necessary to prescribe antihistamines in the second-third trimesters, it should be assumed that category B according to the FDA classification («no evidence of risk») includes chlorpheniramine, ciproheptadine (Peritol), diphenhydramine (Dimedrol), chlorotripelenamine (Suprastin), cetirizine (Zirtek, Cetrin), loratadine (Claritin), levocetirizine (Xizal). It is contraindicated to take astemizole, terfenadine, Tavegil (klemastin) because of the teratogenic or fetotoxic effect, desloratadine and ketotifen due to their ability to penetrate the placenta. Glucocorticosteroids are the drugs of choice in the treatment of severe forms of allergic diseases in pregnant women. Nasal corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of moderate and severe allergic rhinitis. Inhaled glucocorticosteroids occupy a central place as a basic means for bronchial asthma. The drug of choice is budesonide, which has the best safety profile and has the greatest evidence base. Topical glucocorticosteroids (Advantan, Locoid, Elokom) in the form of creams and ointments are widely used in atopic dermatitis in pregnant women. If it is necessary to prescribe oral glucocorticosteroids (generalized urticaria, angioedema, severe exacerbation of atopic dermatitis), prednisone is preferred. Deposited glucocorticosteroids are categorically contraindicated. The use of cromoglycic acid, monoclonal antibodies, decongestants, bronchodilators is also discussed.

In most cases, liver pathology in hyperthyroidism is confined to asymptomatic changes in laboratory indices, while clinical signs are much rarer. Three clinical variants of liver pathology in patients with hyperthyroidism can be differentiated: drug-induced hepatitis that develop in response to administration of thyrostatic agents (mainly propylthiouracil); concomitant autoimmune liver diseases (autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis), and hepatopathies as a direct manifestation of thyrotoxicosis (thyrotoxic hepatitis). Thyrotoxic hepatitis is a rare condition difficult to diagnose. The variety of etiological factor of liver pathology in hyperthyroidism, universal clinical symptoms, and the lack of specific histological markers make it difficult to make a correct diagnosis. A clinical case of Graves’ disease complicated with severe thyrotoxic hepatitis, the edema-ascites syndrome and hyperbilirubinemia is reported. The patient was diagnosed with thyrotoxic hepatitis after all other reasons for liver pathology have been ruled out. The concomitant thyrogenic myocardiodystrophy, cardiomegaly and atrial fibrillation required ruling out the diagnosis of cardiogenic liver injury and made diagnosing more difficult. Normalization of the thyroid status in patients receiving mercazolyl therapy was accompanied by alleviation of clinical symptoms of hepatitis and the positive dynamics of the indices of liver function tests. A brief review of the data on clinical variants and mechanisms of liver injury in patients with thyrotoxicosis is presented.

Introduction Recently backward/retro walking has been increasingly used in medicine. Kinetic and kinematic analysis during backward walking showed advantages over traditional ambulation making it ideal for those who struggle with knee pain. Retro walking is well known for reducing the strain on the knees and it is one of the few natural ways to strengthen the quadriceps of the thigh. Walking backwards leads to a more significant load on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This load builds a more substantial increase in both the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities than just walking forward with similar parameters of physical activity. Material and methods A systematic search of studies published during the period up to February 2020 was conducted using bibliographic databases in English, including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and in Russian, including eLIBRARY, CyberLeninka to summarize the available information on the possibilities of retro walking in treatment and rehabilitation of patients with knee pathology. Search terms included 'backward/retro walking/running', 'knee joint'. Results and discussion Several studies have been performed to explore the effectiveness of backward walking for knee osteoarthritis. There is a strong evidence that backward walking can be a useful adjunct to conventional physiotherapy to improve pain, knee function and strength of the quadriceps muscles. There is a limited number of papers describing effects of backward walking for patellofemoral pain syndrome and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Conclusions Although there is little data overall reporting effects of backward walking, and more studies are needed to further explore this topic this version of walking has been shown to provide great beneficial effects in knee joint rehabilitation.

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