Одним из путей решения задачи уменьшения карбонового следа является формирование модели интенсивного лесопользования путем комплексного освоения лесных ресурсов, включая переход к технологиям с производством нормированного древесного топлива и создание эффективной транспортно-логистической модели. В данной работе рассмотрен проект организационно-технологической модели лесохимического кластера на примере создания кооперационных цепочек по производству высокотехнологической продукции предприятиями лесного сектора экономики в границах Свердловской и Челябинской областей. Использование дровяной древесины, отходов лесоперерабатывающих производств и лесосечных отходов для производства высокотехнологичной продукции существенно повышает экономическую эффективность и экологическую устойчивость лесного комплекса всего региона. Основу лесохимического кластера могут составить предприятия, применяющие в технологическом процессе переработки древесины взрывной автогидролиз. Полученные в результате раствор сахаров и твердая фракция, состоящая из целлюлозы и лигнина, перерабатываются на кормовые дрожжи и нормированное топливо в виде пеллет или прессованного древесного угля. Эти продукты находят широкое применение в сельском хозяйстве и черной металлургии. Древесный уголь в виде порошка добавляется в железную руду при производстве окатышей и может успешно применяться при производстве качественного ковкого чугуна на металлургических предприятиях средней и малой мощности. Применение древесного угля в металлургии повышает качество отечественного металла и снижает углеродный след. One of the ways to solve the problem of reducing the carbon footprint is the formation of an intensive forest management model through integrated development of forest resources, including the transition to technologies with the production of rationed wood fuel and the creation of an effi cient transport and logistics model. In this paper, we consider the project of organizational and technological model of forest chemical cluster on the example of creating cooperative chains for the production of high-tech products by forest sector enterprises within the borders of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The use of fi rewood, timber processing waste and forest residues for the production of high-tech products signifi cantly increases the economic effi ciency and environmental sustainability of the forestry complex of the entire region. The basis of the timber-chemical cluster can be formed by the enterprises that use explosive auto-hydrolysis in the technological process of wood processing. The resulting solution of sugars and the solid fraction consisting of cellulose and lignin are processed into fodder yeast and normalized fuel in the form of pellets or pressed charcoal. These products are widely used in agriculture and the iron and steel industry. Charcoal in powder form is added to iron ore in the production of pellets and can be successfully used in the production of quality malleable iron at metallurgical plants of medium and small capacity. The use of charcoal in metallurgy improves the quality of domestic metal and reduces the carbon footprint.

The paper considers the method of the mini tractor moving when skidding timber harvested during increment thinning. We analyzed the stand’s horizontal structure formed as a result of intraspecific competition, as well as the partnership relations of the trees forming microgroups, the distance between which is less than the average distance between trees in the stand. The structure and parameters of the most typical microgroups that form stands were also observed. This allows choosing a route for a mini tractor and successfully moving it between microgroups, where the distance between trees is larger than the average distance in the stand. The article shows an analysis of the mutual arrangement of the mini tractor and trees of the neighboring microgroups, in which the passage of the mini tractor with a trailed device causes significant damage risks to trees. Based on the analysis, the maneuvering algorithm for this transport system is designed and the restrictions on its entry into the target between the trees are formulated. It is shown that the entry of a mini-tractor into the target between the trees at a right angle provides the best conditions for crossing this area. The minimum turning radius of the transport system, comprising a mini-tractor with a trailed device, when moving under the stand canopy should be less than the radius of the majority of the microgroups that form the stand. The calculation of the strip width required for the passage of a mini-tractor with a trailed device when skidding logs with length 2–6 m in the case of increment thinning in stands of the Ia, I, II and III quality classes with thinning up to the relative density of 0.7. The paper shows the possibility of substantiating the length of logs when carrying out an increment thinning depending on the quality class and age of the stand. It is found that the mini tractor parameters and the logs length correspond to the formed stand density, ensuring the smooth maneuvering of the mini tractor with a trailed device when moving under the stand canopy. Guidelines for correcting the route when the width of the required strip is larger than the average distance between trees in the resulting stand are given. Acknowledgments: The article is based on the results of work on the topic “Ecological Aspects of Sustainable Nature Management” (state registration No. FEUG-2020-0013). For citation: Gerts E.F., Mekhrentsev A.V., Terinov N.N., Urazova A.F. Substantiation of the Technological Process Parameters of Wood Skidding with a Mini Tractor in Increment Thinning. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 126–138. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-126-138

В статье изложено критическое видение текущего состояния и перспектив развития рынка древесной биоэнергетики и древесных пеллет в России и мире. Анализируя текущие тенденции, авторы обосновывают выводы о высокой привлекательности проектов по производству древесных пеллет в стране как для внутреннего, так и для внешнего рынков. В заключение они приходят к выводам о важности и критическом значении стимулирующих мер государственной и муниципальной поддержки, необходимости параллельного развития как внешнего, так и внутреннего рынка древесных пеллет России.

The method of intensification of forestry by means of integrated mechanization of forestry and logging operations is considered. It is proposed to use manipulator-type machines, such as harvesters, forwarders and excavators, as a technical basis. Improving the efficiency of manipulator-type machines can be achieved through using a set of optional interchangeable equipment. This will allow to create crops by planting seedlings with open and closed root systems, to carry out soil cultivation, seed sowing, thinning of young plants and to carry out pest control, mulching of skidding tracks after major work in the logging site, as well as earthworks during the construction of forest roads. The use of optional interchangeable equipment transforms a manipulator-type machine into a multifunctional machine. It has been shown that the purchase of optional equipment for forestry and logging is a cost-effective investment even for a small amount of works. Intensive forestry is primarily based on the measures of mature and overmature stands cutting, forest tending, and reforestation. Several technological schemes with the use of the multifunctional machine for felling both in the harvester and feller buncher modes are offered. In the latter option, tree length bucking and branch pruning ensure the concentration of all logging residues at the upper depot and create favorable conditions for their processing into raw material for biofuel production and reduce woodwaste in cutting areas. An option of using small size equipment for hauling trees into the area of operation of a multifunctional machine with an installed harvester head is offered when performing selective felling using wide-strip technology of harvesting. Preliminary preparation of the cutting area with small sized equipment (harvesting of small-sized, dead and fallen trees) is proposed. This will significantly reduce the damage to plantation components and provide a greater degree of preservation of the natural environment during the main work of the multifunctional machine. Its use in the most favorable terms due to the work execution on a quarter-block scheme, reducing the number of downtime due to naturalproduction conditions and the number of relocations and, accordingly, increasing the number of machine hours, will minimize total costs of the range of forestry and harvesting works.

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