Two of the largest protected areas on earth are U.S. National Monuments in the Pacific Ocean. Numerous claims have been made about the impacts of these protected areas on the fishing industry, but there has been no ex post empirical evaluation of their effects. We use administrative data documenting individual fishing events to evaluate the economic impact of the expansion of these two monuments on the Hawaii longline fishing fleet. Surprisingly, catch and catch-per-unit-effort are higher since the expansions began. To disentangle the causal effect of the expansions from confounding factors, we use unaffected control fisheries to perform a difference-in-differences analysis. We find that the monument expansions had little, if any, negative impacts on the fishing industry, corroborating ecological models that have predicted minimal impacts from closing large parts of the Pacific Ocean to fishing.

Образование природных и техногенных импактных (ударных) геологических структур происходило в условиях воздействия очень высоких температур и давления. В природных импактных структурах формировались месторождения алмазов, золота, урана, меди и других ценных полезных ископаемых. Искусственные импактные структуры, образовавшиеся при проведении подземных ядерных взрывов, характеризуются неустойчивостью быстрой изменчивостью во времени и возможностью проявления отдаленных экологических эффектов в виде спонтанной радиоактивности. В статье обобщены результаты последних исследований импактных структур; полученные результаты отрывают новый взгляд на генезис минералов, возможную роль трансмутации элементов The formation of natural and man-made impact (shock) geological structures occurred under the influence of very high temperatures and pressure. Natural impact structures formed deposits of diamonds, gold, uranium, copper and other valuable minerals. Artificial impact structures developed during underground nuclear explosions are characterised by time instability and the possibility of remote environmental effects in the form of spontaneous radioactivity. The article summarizes the results of recent studies of impact structures, the results reveal a new view on the Genesis of minerals, the possible role of transmutation of elements

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In this paper, we investigated the joint efforts of Russian and foreign stakeholders to develop the regions of the Russian Far East. The competitive advantages of Russia’s border regions have been identified. Ways of enhancing competitive advantages are considered. The shortcomings of state support for regional development due to insufficient inter-sectoral and inter-regional coordination are noted. This study proposes an ecosystem approach as a mechanism to address this shortcoming. A polycentric ecosystem is a mechanism for equitable stakeholder integration. The hypothesis of this study is that economic and non-economic stakeholder interests, that are involved in launching and implementing projects as part of a development strategy underpin economic space development. We have considered how the barrier and contact functions of borders affect regional development. It has been shown that the methodology for studying stakeholder engagement in the region’s ecosystem is based on a quantitative-qualitative approach and identifies the benefits and challenges of both regions and projects. It reveals favourable and unfavourable factors influencing the integration of stakeholders in ecosystems. The prerequisites for stakeholder integration into a unified ecosystem are identified, and the main directions of integrated transport policy of the regions are considered.

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