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This paper describes outstanding issues in astrophysics and cosmology that can be solved by astronomical observations in a broad spectral range from far infrared to millimeter wavelengths. The discussed problems related to the formation of stars and planets, galaxies and the interstellar medium, studies of black holes and the development of the cosmological model can be addressed by the planned space observatory Millimetron (the "Spectr-M" project) equipped with a cooled 10-m mirror. Millimetron can operate both as a single-dish telescope and as a part of a space-ground interferometer with very long baseline.

We report on the energy-resolving capability of a superconducting NbN nanowire photon counter, which is read out by a superconducting quantum interference device. For counters operated at 6.5 K, a resolution of 0.55 eV was measured in the wavelength range from 1000 to 1500 nm (photon energies 1.2–0.8 eV) along with a counting rate of 2 MHz. The best energy resolution occurred in the spectral range where the quantum efficiency of the counter began to decrease with the wavelength. The results are explained by the change of the detection scenario from the hot-spot formation to unbinding of vortex–antivortex pairs.

Present paper considers processes of production and treatment of hollow particles in plasma flows. Specifics of agglomerated powders treatment and expansion of hollow droplets are analyzed theoretically. Experimental results on production of hollow micro particles of ZrO 2 , Ni, CoNiCrAlY alloy, SiO 2 are shown here.