The aim of the study is to resolve the contradiction between understanding the social security of regions as security within the framework of a single Russian social space, and understanding it as an indicator of the autonomy of regions. The study uses a modeling method that makes it possible to synthesize the provisions on the social security of Russian regions within the framework of the concepts of their “unity” and “regionality”. The result of the conducted research is the formation of a dynamic model of social security of Russian regions, within the framework of which the process of continuous construction of normative and value concepts, instilled in the regional community through the surrounding society’s influence, as well as social agreements aimed at achieving conjunction within the social space of Russian regions, is taking place. The second result is the definition of the social security of Russian regions as a process in which, depending on the situational influence of objective and subjective factors, either centrifugal or regional trends prevail. The third result is the statement that, for a long time, despite the significant difference in the civilizational nature of the regions, the Russian social space remains intact, which indicates the prevalence of unifying tendencies and the lack of desire in Russian regions to leave the all-Russian social space
The article deals with the mechanism of agrarian transformation in the 1920s–1930s on the example of Smolensk region. In the 1920s the NEP modernization processes in the region have been continued by the Stolypin agrarian reforms. Khutors (farms) creation, mass cooperation, an exit from the peasant community happened due to peasants’ aspiration started «below» and the «above» support of the Soviet authorities. The agrarian impasse in the mid 1920s, that was caused by extensive development, raised the question of finding the best option for agricultural transformation. In Smolensk Governorate it was shown in the choice of «Danish» way of development when the high-value farms united in various agricultural cooperatives on the dairy-grass-flax-growing bias that would give a large number of export products for which the Soviet government could receive good money for industrialization. However, the enrichment of the peasantry, the fear of economic growth in the political NEP led to the termination of this program. The remains of the agrarian experiment were curtailed during the process of «Smolensk abscess». Further development was forced to follow the socialist way of modernization with its usual costs. There was «Chayanov’s» alternative in the course of collectivization. It provided for the combination of individual economic functions due to cooperation. The defeat of «Chayanov’s» group in the political struggle of 1929 led to the choice of a more forced model – agricultural cartels, communes. It was supposed to create large agro-industrial complexes (according to the best practices of the USA). But failures in leadership, dispossession, resistance of the peasantry and mass cattle slaughter prevented socialist modernization. But the large and technically equipped forms of agricultural production were created, which effectively resolved the task of ensuring food stability and security of the country. On the other hand, these progressive changes were achieved largely due to the deterioration of the rural population’s living standards, a return to the elements of the pre-revolutionary past (alienation of workers from the means of production, non-economic coercion, attachment to the collective farm).
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