In this paper, we have described the main principles of cross-sectional studies planning and data analysis. A theoretical base for cross-sectional studies' design has been presented as well as advantages and disadvantages of this type of studies. We present the methods for sample size calculation and data analysis using statistical software. Calculation of confidence intervals using free software "Epi Info" and online calculators has also been presented. The main effect measures used in cross-sectional studies have been described. Examples of cross-sectional studies in the fields of clinical medicine, dentistry and public health performed in the Arkhangelsk region have been given. The primary audience for this article consists of master and doctoral students whose research is still in the planning phase. This paper supplements, but does not substitute the literature in the field of clinical epidemiology.
Западно-Казахстанский медицинский университет имени Марата Оспанова 1 , г. Актобе, Республика Казахстан, Уральский государственный медицинский университет 2 , г. Екатеринбург, Северный государственный медицинский университет 3 , г. Архангельск, Северо-Восточный федеральный университет 4 , г. Якутск, Российская Федерация Цель. Провести сравнительную оценку эффективности методов восстановления непрерывности кишечника у детей первого года жизни с энтеростомами. Материал и методы. Проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование 34 детей с энтеростомами, пролеченных в период с 2015 по 2018 г. в клинике Западно-Казахстанского медицинского университета (г. Актобе, Казахстан) и в областной детской клинической больнице №1 (г. Екатеринбург, Россия). В общей выборке преобладали илеостомы-22 (64,7%), двойные илеоколостомы-7 (20,6%), еюностомы-5 (14,7%). В основную группу вошли 16 детей с энтеростомами, которым применялся метод магнитно-компрессионного межкишечного анастомоза (МКМА). Группу сравнения составили 18 детей с энтеростомами без применения МКМА. Результаты лечения сравнивались по количеству койко-дней в стационаре и в отделении реанимации, длительности полного парентерального питания, частоте осложнений и летальности. Межгрупповые различия в количественных результатах представлены в виде средних арифметических и 95% доверительных интервалов (ДИ). Различия в частоте категориальных исходов представляли в виде относительных рисков (ОР) с 95% ДИ. Результаты. Длительность лечения в стационаре при применении МКМА была в среднем на 13,1 (95% ДИ: 4,4-21,8) дня (р=0,003), а в отделении реанимации-на 13,5 (95% ДИ: 7,1-19,9) дня меньше (р<0,001), чем в группе сравнения. Продолжительность полного парентерального питания в группе МКМА также была меньше в среднем на 12,7 (95% ДИ: 5,8-19,6) дня (p<0,001). Осложнения и летальные исходы в группе МКМА встречались в 3,6 (95% ДИ: 0,4-28,6) и 4,1 (95% ДИ: 0,2-78,8) раза реже, чем в группе сравнения. Заключение. Применение МКМА способствует значительному сокращению общего количества койко-дней, длительности лечения в отделении реанимации, уменьшению количества применяемых лекарственных средств и более быстрому и эффективному улучшению состояния ребенка. Ключевые слова: дети, энтеростомы, магнитно-компрессионный межкишечный анастомоз, лечение Objective. To compare effectiveness of methods for restoring intestinal continuity in infants with enterostomas. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted covering 34 children with enterostomas treated from 2015 to 2018 at the hospital of West Kazakhstan Medical University (Aktobe, Kazakhstan) and in the First Regional Pediatric Hospital (Yekaterinburg, Russia). The level of intestinal stoma formation is dominated by ileostomy-22 (64,7%) children, double ileocolostomy-7 (20,6%) children, yeunostomy-5 (14,7%) children. The study group included 16 children with enterostomes with the use of method of magnetic compression inter-intestinal anastomosis (MCIA). The reference group consisted of 18 children with enterostomy without the use of MCIA....
The article presents the main methodological principles of planning, implementation and statistical analysis of data from cohort studies. Types of cohort studies, their main advantages and disadvantages, and practical examples of cohort studies in medicine and public health are also presented. We also present the main measures used in cohort studies, namely, the incidence, cumulative incidence, incidence density, absolute risk, relative risk, attributable risk and attributable risk fraction in a given cohort and in a population, incidence rate ratio and incidence rate difference. Examples of cohort studies in literature, including examples from Arkhangelsk region are presented and discussed. The methods of sample size calculation using "EpiInfoTM" software and calculation of the measures of association in cohort studies are also shown using examples from real studies. This is an introductory article about the main methodological principles of cohort study design in health sciences and it does not substitute specialized literature in clinical epidemiology.
Sample size calculation prior to data collection is still relatively rare in Russian research practice. This situation threatens validity of the conclusion of many projects due to insufficient statistical power to estimate the parameters of interest with desired precision or to detect the differences of interest. Moreover, in a substantial proportion of cases where sample size calculations are performed simplified formulas with assumption of a normal distribution of the studied variables are used in spite of the fact that this assumption does not hold for many research questions in biomedical research. Correlation analysis is still one of the most commonly used methods of statistical analysis used in Russia. Pearson’s correlation coefficient despite its well-known limitations appears in a greater proportion of publications that non-parametric coefficients. We calculated minimal sample sizes for the parametric Pearson’s coefficient as well its non-parametric alternatives — Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficients to assist junior researchers with the tool to be able to plan data collection and analysis for several types of data, various expected strengths of associations and research questions. The results are presented in ready-for-use tables with required sample size for the three abovementioned coefficients within the range from 0,10 through 0,90 by 0,05 for statistical power 0,8 and 0,9 and alpha-error or 5% as well as for estimation of the same correlation coefficients with the 95% confidence intervals width equal to 0,1 and 0,2.
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