Рассмотрены количественные данные о радиальном приросте стволовой древесины дуба черешчатого (Quercus robur L.) в условиях нефтехимического загрязнения в Башкирском Предуралье. Показано, что на границе ареала распространения дуб черешчатый становится более чувствительным к техногенному воздействию и климатическим изменениям, а при усилении степени загрязнения радиальный прирост достоверно снижается. В условиях техногенного загрязнения в онтогенезе дуба значительно сокращается виргинильный период, тогда как остальные онтогенетические периоды практически не изменяются. Радиальный прирост поздней древесины дуба полностью отражает динамику изменения общего радиального прироста; радиальный прирост ранней древесины для дуба является малоинформативным параметром. Поскольку дуб в Предуралье произрастает на границе ареала своего распространения, в динамичных условиях окружающей среды с критическими для него природно-климатическими и техногенными характеристиками, при лесовосстановлении и озеленении промышленных зон следует отказаться от широкого использования дуба черешчатого в пользу других древесных растений.

The present publication is the third of four reviews of reports that have been published over the last 20 years to address the responses of arboreal plants at different hierarchical levels of their organization to anthropogenic factors. Here, the impact of different types of industrial pollution on the radial accretion of the stock and on the rootage is considered. Most studies evidence that industrial pollution leads to unequivocal decreases in the radial accretion and in the sensitivity of the accretion to climatic cues, to the redistribution of the early and late wood in the total accretion, to changes in the durations of the ontogenetic periods and disorders in ontogenetic cycles, to the emergence or loss of the false annual zones, to accelerated senescence of forests, and to increases in the dependencies of accretion on the distance between forests and the sources of pollution and on the features of landscape. The decreases in the annual zone widths strongly depend on the contents of metals and microelements in the zones. Upon a decrease in pollutant discharges, the annual accretion may become restored. With that, some types of oil products, radionuclides and mixed pollutants can stimulate accretion depending on plant species, age, and conditions. As a rule, industrial or experimental pollution causes significant decreases in soil contents of all rootage components. The adaptive responses of rootage to pollution include redistribution of its different components in favor of some of them upon the background of the general rootage decline. Roots may “avoid” the most polluted soil layers and may actively excrete exudates able to prevent the penetration of a pollutant into rootage. Pollution with oil products may stimulate soil saturation with the rootage of most coniferous and only some deciduous plants. The radioactive pollution is more hazardous for rootage growth than for the radial accretion.

The present publication is the fourth in the series of four reviews of reports that have been published over the last 20 years to address the responses of arboreal plants at different hierarchical levels of their organization to anthropogenic factors. In the fourth part, modern methodological approaches to assessing the conditions of forests are considered and the most promising of them are distinguished. The conditions of forests under anthropogenic pollution deteriorate in general; however, the degree of deterioration much depends on tree species and pollution type. The resistance of biosystems to anthropogenic factors is based on adaptive responses involving all levels of biological organization, from cytogenetic to ecosystemic. Special attention is paid to adaptive responses related to plant resistance to metals. The development of the theory of the adaptive strategies of plants is traced starting from the Ramensky-Grime concept of phytocenotypes. The industrial pollution is a novel, in the historical perspective, environmental factor for plant. This makes it reasonable to develop further the concepts related to adaptive strategies of plant species with account for their adaptive potential, variability, resistance, and ecological plasticity. An original approach to the discovery and characterization of strategies of adaptation of plants to anthropogenic factors is proposed based on the analysis of current literature and decades of original studies.

The present publication is the first of four reviews of reports that have been published over the last 20 years to address the responses of arboreal plants at different hierarchical levels of their organization to anthropogenic factors. The publication covers the effects of different kinds of industrial pollution on macro- and micromorphology of broad and acerose leaves. The specific and nonspecific responses of arboreal plants to the same factor or to different factors, including smokes and toxicants, are differentiated. The adaptive responses within a single leaf or needle may be relatively independent from each other despite the integrity of these plant organs. The causes of such diverse reactions, which ensure the adaptive potential of plants, are discussed with account for the multiplicity of biological functions required for maintaining plant tolerance to anthropogenic impacts.