This article examines the problem of historical-cultural significance of virtual reconstructions of places of commemoration and creation of digital museums in the context of spatial turn in cultural sciences. “Places of commemoration” are viewed not only as the objects of virtual reconstruction, but also as the sources of social constructs and social practices, as the elements of cultural capital of the city. In this vein, the projects of digital museums can be viewed as the program for creation of commemorative environment, which in turn, contributes to formation and development of the sense of solidarity in the society. An interdisciplinary approach is realized through the use of methodology of historical and culturological studies, with consideration of the so-called spatial turn in cultural sciences, as well as technologies of virtual design and mathematical modeling. Formation of commemorative environment and civil identity is intensified by any form of reference (including virtual space) to the places of commemoration as to the landmarks of social memory and tradition, key components of historical capital of the city. The projects of virtual reconstruction (creation of digital museum) of memorial places using software platforms with an open code OpenSimulator should be perceived as “augmented reality” of historical capital of the city.

This article examines the phenomenon of American paleoconservatism in the Russian historiography, as well as provides an analytical overview of scientific publications on the problems of evolution of American conservatism of the late XX century that touches upon the questions of ideological establishment and political influence of paleoconservatism in the United States. Paleoconservatism represents a nontrivial version of the modern American conservatism, which is opposite to the mainstream forms of conservatism (for example, neoconservatism), but leans on the fundamental American principles, as an ideological defender of the tradition and freedom. The problem of paleoconservatism in Russian historiography is viewed by the representatives of various scientific directions: historians-Americanologists, political scientists, experts in the area of jurisprudence, etc. However, within the Russians science the phenomenon of American paleoconservatism is studied fragmentarily. The problems of committed genealogy, historical development and ideological evolution of American paleoconservatism remain poorly studied. The political writings and views of the key theoreticians and representatives of paleoconservatism – P. Gottfried, P. Brimelow, S. Francis, etc. Nevertheless, the political potential of paleoconservative ideology, which combines the principles of retention of the tradition and inviolability of freedom, is evident in modern world. The demand of political ideas of American paleoconservatists and paleoconservative discourse outside the United States underlines the need for further research of this ideological and political phenomenon.

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В центре внимания автора – фигура подвижника, антропологический тип «бунтующего человека», предложенный русский мыслителем-народником Николаем Константиновичем Михайловским (1842–1904). В классификации мыслителя подвижники, в отличие от вольницы, представляют собой пассивный социальный протест. В социальной философии Михайловского общественный идеал подчинен антропологическому, а последний построен на основе этицизма. Тип «бунтующего человека» определяется по форме его устремленности к «правде-справедливости». Вольница представляет активный общественно-политический протест, борьбу за социальное равенство или за равенство социальных привилегий, тогда как подвижник осуществляет борьбу за индивидуальность, добровольно исключая себя из общественной системы, он обретает суверенность в автономном существовании. Немаловажный аспект разработки проблемы суверенной личности в публицистике Михайловского составляют религиозные коннотации термина «подвижник». Народническая мысль под религиозной преданностью идеалам подразумевала способность целостной (интегральной) личности не только ставить перед собой цели, но и достигать их. Единство знания и действия, волевое усилие, позволяющее человеку стать субъектом исторического процесса, то есть преобразовывать «сущее» в «должное», – это условие, при котором личность проделывает путь от подчиненности к суверенности.