No abstract

Існує 100-бальна шкала оцінки мисливських якостей ягдтер’єра. Кількість максимально можливих балів (табл. 1) зберігає пріоритет і однакову значущість злості, в'язкості, пошуку і переслідування (сумарно) - відводиться по 30 балів; при пошуку і переслідуванні передбачається оцінювати їх швидкість і вірність (20+10 балів, відповідно).

As a result of evolution, a gradual change in the hereditary structure of a species, not only the number of genes changes, but also their properties, frequency, and direction of variability. Changes in gene frequencies occurring over a relatively small period of time belong to microevolution. The breeding process in pig breeding is the microevolutionary processes originating from the ancestral forms of Sus scrofa to the modern specialized breeds of pigs. Genetic monitoring of the genetic systems of blood groups makes it possible to assess the genetic structure and processes occurring in populations. The microevolutionary process of transformation of wild ancestral forms over the last 10-12 thousand years from transitional forms of local aboriginal to factory breeds has occurred with significant genetic and phenotypic transformations in animal populations. In this connection, it is important to clarify the correct understanding of the terms 'population' and 'breed'. Naturally, any breed is a population, but not any population is not a breed, especially since both population and population as taxonomic terms have different interpretations. In the first place, a distinction must be made between wild populations, in which microevolution takes place only by means of natural selection, and breed populations, in the development of which artificial selection was involved as a fundamental factor in microevolution. Depending on the level of methods and forms of selection, we have to distinguish local indigenous populations (e.g., Kakhetian and Mangali breeds) and basic factory breeds (Large White, Berkshire, Landrace, Duroc, etc.), which have been created for decades and centuries. The concept of a breed is closely linked to the size of the reproductive population and the range of distribution. According to FAO, in 2006 there were some 730 breeds and lines of pigs worldwide, most of which are bred in China and Europe, and 270 of which are regarded as rare breeds. At the same time, 58 breeds (25 regional and 33 international) are registered as common, i.e. occurring in more than one country. Five international breeds are now widely distributed: Large White (117 countries), Duroc (93 countries), Landrace (91 countries), Hampshire (54 countries) and Petren (35 countries).

Відомо, що свиня, має два механізми терморегуляції: з одного боку, хімічний, який регулює процеси теплопродукції, а з іншого боку, фізичний, який регулює тепловіддачу організму. Дослідження полягали у вивчені температури тіла на різних ділянках шкіри та функції терморегуляції шляхом локального охолодження тіла у віковій динаміці, що дозволило зробити висновки про розвиток відновної судинної реакції у чистопородних та гібридних поросят і розрізняти внутрішню температуру органів, шкіри, кінцівок і вух.

Pig breeding genetic resources are constantly threatened by haphazard crossbreeding, lack of breeding strategy and programs, violation of quarantine measures and weak protection against infectious diseases. The state of the gene pool is influenced by such factors as the intensification of production, the replacement of domestic breeds with more productive foreign ones, without taking into account forage, climatic and environmental conditions.The development of pig breeding is based on the use of highly productive breeds and types of pigs in the breeding process, as well as the latest achievements in breeding and genetics. Modern technologies for the production of pork make it possible to maximize the genetic potential of animals, in connection with which selection is a decisive factor in increasing the productivity of pigs.Given the importance of working with breeds as the main means of production in pig breeding, the authors set the goal of providing a scientifically based assessment of the genotypes of pigs that are bred and widely used in the country.The tasks set in the scientific work were solved using zootechnical (scientific and economic experience, control slaughter of animals, analysis of the reproductive capacity of sows, growth of young stock, assessment of the quality of carcasses), morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of animals.The large white breed of pigs in Ukraine is a monobreed, having more than 70% of the total number. This dominance raises concerns about the possible loss of original hereditary complexes and gene associations that have developed during the breeding process. Five international breeds are now widespread in the world: Large White (117 countries), Duroc (93 countries), Landrace (91 countries), Hampshire (54 countries) and Pietrain (35 countries).Pigs of the Large White breed are universal and are widely used in selection and breeding work for the purpose of the parent breed in crossing.Among the meat breeds of pigs in Ukraine, the Landrace breed occupies an important place, which is appropriate both in purebred breeding and in crossing and hybridization.The Mirgorodskaya breed of pigs of the greasy direction of productivity was bred by the method of complex reproductive crossing of local short-eared black-andwhite pigs with Berkshires, medium, large white breed of pigs and, to a lesser extent, with large black and Tamworth's. Improvement of the breed is carried out at the expense of boars of foreign and domestic selection, in particular, pietrain, Belarusian black and white, large black breed. A prerequisite for preserving the gene pool of local breeds is pure-bred breeding with an outbred type of selection.