The review summarizes information about the effects of ligand-receptor interaction in the normal state, during maladaptation and pathology. The mechanisms of changes in the functions of the receptors of the immune system that recognize pathogen patches, interact with immunoglobulins and participate in the immune response are shown. Data on interactions within the neurotransmitter systems of the brain are presented. The properties of lectins, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone derivatives and calcitonin are considered. The review also summarizes information on such cellular processes as cell growth, bone regeneration and remodeling, apoptosis. The role of thiazole retinoids in the regulation of cell differentiation and signaling pathways has been shown. Particular attention is paid to angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor, receptors and ligands to fibroblast growth factor, galactins involved in oncotransformation processes. It was established that phosphatase with the Src2 homology domain (SHP2) is an important component of oncogenic signaling pathways. The mechanism of multivalent interaction of bacteria and viruses with the cells of the body is discussed. The interaction of nanoparticles (graphene, fullerenes) with biological objects is considered in sufficient detail. The article discusses the problem of receptor saturation and the activity of ex-orphan receptors that can act as targets for potential drugs. The prospects of creating new drugs based on π-cation interactions are shown. It was concluded that the study of the interaction of the substance and the receptor will allow to reveal the true mechanisms of dysregulatory pathology.

AIM: This study aimed to summarize information on the formation of the natural and anthropogenic biogeochemical province of the biosphere over Cherepovets, develop biogeochemical standardization, and prevent environmentally conditioned human diseases. The migration of biogenic elements through food chains is analyzed. A significant flow of toxic elements entering the natural environment in the course of human industrial activity leads to the formation of anthropogenic biogeochemical provinces. In these geochemical zones and landscapes, the natural endemic environment interacts with chemical elements. As a result, biogeochemical cycles are altered, and vital elements are replaced with toxic metals. With these changes, intracellular biochemical reactions are disrupted. In this study, information on Cherepovets biogeochemical province formed in the 1960s was examined in the presence of intense industrialization. Data on high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil horizons of the given province were examined. Toxic elements actively accumulated in plants growing in the Cherepovets territory and vegetables growing in household plots within the city and the nearest 10 km zone. Metals accumulated in soil, different components of land ecosystems, and organs and tissues of carnivores. CONCLUSION: A high load in the Cherepovets biogeochemical province poses certain risks to the health of the population and causes the development of endemic diseases, microelementoses, and exogenous toxicoses in humans.