No abstract

In the Middle Urals the middle-ripening varieties of spring soft wheat with gluten content of 22–24% and the middle-early and early ripening varieties of spring soft wheat with gluten content of 26–34% are able to form kernels suitable for bread baking of the first, second and third classes. Nowadays a comparative characteristic of the grain quality of the main varieties developed by the of the selection of the Ural RIA included in the State List of the Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka Region and their abili­ty to form food grain suitable for bread baking is of great practical interest. In the Krasnoufimsky breeding center there were stud­ied 11 spring wheat varieties included in the State List of the Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region in the 2013 and 2016 years of arid conditions (90–100 mm of precipitation, 17.0–17.5 ºC of average daily air temperature) and in the years 2014 and 2015 of excessive moisture (294–423 mm of precipitation and 15–16 ºC of average daily air temperature). The early rip­ening varieties “Irgina” and “Iren” (71–94 days of vegetation period) formed an average yield of 2.94 t/ha. The middle-early ripen­ing varieties “Ekaterina”, “Gornouralskaya”, “Svecha”, “Bazhenka”, “Zlata” (75–98 days of vegetation period) produced 3.32 t/ha.The middle-ripening varieties “Krasnoufimskaya 100”, “Ekada 70”, “Simbirtsit”, “Omskaya 36” (90–94 days of vegetation period) pro­duced 3.55 t/ha. The most productive ones are “Iren” (3.05 t/ha), “Ekaterina” (3.64 t/ha), “Ekada 70” and “Simbirtsit” (3.70–3.78 t/ha). Food grain of the first class (with gluten content of more than 32%) was formed by the varieties “Irgina”, “Iren”, “Bazhenka”; the rest varieties formed the second class grain (with gluten content of more than 28%). The ranking method by seven indicators of grain quality allowed us to determine the average rank and to identify the varieties “Irgina” and “Iren” with the highest baking properties (average rank of 1.0–1.7). They are the most promising varieties for the production of food grains in the conditions of the Middle Urals. It is not advisable to use the middle-ripening varieties “Ekada 70” and “Simbirtsit” for this purpose as the average rank of their quality indicators is 7.0–7.1.

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The current study was carried out in order to create an early-ripening variety of spring bread wheat with productivity at the level of middle-early or higher, the most adapted to the specific conditions of the Middle Urals. The estimation of the breeding material was carried out in the fields, the soils of which are typical for the Sverdlovsk region and Permsky Krai. During the years of the study, the agroclimatic conditions differed along the growing season. There have been established the dry year of 2016 (90 mm of rain, GTC 0.6) and the moisture years of 2014, 2015, 2017–2019 (with precipitation amount of 247–448 mm, GTC 2.0–3.2). The crossings were carried out between the middle-ripening variety ‘Omskaya 35’ (mother) and the early- ripening variety ‘Iren’ (father). There has been developed the variety that combined high productivity and early maturity. The average productivity of the new variety ‘Ekstra’ in the Competitive Variety Testing in 2014–2019 was 4.07 t/ha, which is on 0.55 t/ha higher than the standard variety ‘Iren’, the maximum productivity was 5.0–6.1 t/ha (2019). The new variety has exceeded the values of the standard variety in such yield structure elements as “seed weight per head”, “1000 grain weight”, “grain content per head”; the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season was 14.2% and at 1 mm of precipitation the value improved till 15.2%. In the ecological testing the variety ‘Ekstra’ exceeded the varieties ‘Iren’, ‘Irgina’ from the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region on 0.56–0.80 t/ha and the middle-early ripening varieties ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Bazhenka’, ‘Svecha’, ‘Zlata’ on 0.44–0, 55 t/ha. The variety ‘Ekstra’ is characterized by better energy efficiency parameters than ‘Irgina’, ‘Iren’, ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Zlata’. The excess was 9.2–21.9% in terms of total energy in the harvest per hectare, 16.0–40.6% in net energy income, and 4.7–13.1% in bioenergy ratio. The variety reduced energy consumption for the production of 1 ton of grain by 9.5–11.5%. There has been determined a significant advantage of the variety ‘Ekstra’ in terms of the general adaptability, stability, and breeding value of the genotype. In 2020 the variety was included into the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region, Ural, West Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. The variety ‘Ekstra’ has the same parameters of productivity, yield structure elements, adaptability, the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season and per 1 mm of precipitation, energy efficiency of cultivation, as the middle-early ripening standard variety ‘Ekaterina’.

Background. The northern border of cereal crop cultivation passes through the territory of Sverdlovsk Province. Cultivars of winter triticale developed in the regions of Russia located to the south are grown there, but they die under unfavorable winter conditions. The breeding of this crop in local climate is at an early stage, so a study of source material for breeding new highyielding cultivars adapted to local conditions seems quite pertinent.Materials and methods. In 2017–2020, the Ural Research Institute of Agriculture in Yekaterinburg conducted a study of 78 winter triticale genotypes from 10 regions of Russia and 7 foreign countries. The seeds were obtained from the VIR genebank and breeding centers of Russia. Sowing was carried out in clean fallow on August 20–25 on 1 m2 plots in 3-4 repetitions, with the reference ‘Bashkirskaya korotkostebelnaya’ sown on every 10th plot. Plants were assessed for winter hardiness, yield, density of productive stems, plant height, ear length, number of spikelets and grains per ear, weight of 1000 grains, and ear productivity in accordance with published guidelines.Results. Cvs. ‘Privada’, ‘Tsekad 90’ and ‘Nemchinovsky 58’ combined high winter hardiness (70–81%) with resistance to damage by snow mold (15–20%), high density of productive stems (324–425 pcs/m2), and high yield (562–616 g/m2). They had high 1000 grain weight (45.4–49.1 g) and ear productivity (2.63–2.68 g). High yield (571–670 g/m2) and density of productive stems (285–436 pcs/m2 ) with reduced winter hardiness (62–72%) and resistance to snow mold (30–35%) was observed in cvs. ‘Sirs 57’, ‘Sotnik’, ‘Germes’, ‘Antey’, ‘Beta’, ‘Don’, and lines 1/1 and 8003 from Sweden.