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— The article reflects the position held by the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences regarding the problems and prospects of the socio-economic, scientific, and technological development of Siberia and the directions of strengthening its positions in the world and Russian space. The main development problems of Siberia and the Siberian Federal District are identified, taking into account modern challenges and threats. It is shown that the recovery of the Siberian economy as a whole and the regions of the Siberian Federal District, in particular, should be based on a significant increase in investment activity at all levels: macroregional, regional, and municipal. Proposals are made on a package of new Siberian investment projects with a focus on “embedding” Siberia in high-tech niches of the Russian and world economies, as well as on a system of priority measures that should be taken at the national, interregional, and regional levels.