No abstract

Описываются типы лексикографической информации, которые следует учитывать при составлении двуязычного словаря. В первой части рассмотрены отдельные аспекты современной лексикографии и их применимость к двуязычным словарям. Во второй части обсуждается положение об отсутствии полной межъязыковой эквивалентности в области лексической семантики. На примере «Немецко-русского словаря актуальной лексики» проанализированы типы лексикографической информации, специфичные для двуязычных словарей. Ключевые слова: двуязычная лексикография, типы информации, межъязыковая эквивалентность, немецкий язык, русский язык.

The paper is focused on divergent ways of conveying discourse relations in translation. For data collection, we used the supracorpora database of connectives storing parallel texts from the Russian-French subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus. These data show what logical-semantic relations tend to be translated using divergent ways, i.e. other than connectives (exclusion in its various gradations, propositional concomitance and substitution, the share of divergent translations ranging from 30% to 50%). Also, such data help define what causes divergent ways of translation to be used. The causes may be as follows: (a) the lack of an adequate equivalent of a given connective in the target language; (b) differences in the syntactic structure of the source and target languages; (c) usage differences; (d) contextually determined use of divergent translation. If there is a prototypical indicator of logical-semantic relations (i.e. connective) in the source text, it also occurs in translation in more than 90% of cases. The data on human translations are then compared with those on machine translations, which shows that the machine translation system also tends to keep a connective if there is one in the source text (it occurs in almost 98% of cases). However, there are cases where the machine translation system has difficulties processing а multiword connective (failing to perceive it as a whole) or a polyfunctional unit (failing to tell a connective from a non-connective) and thus uses divergent ways to translate it. Some causes of divergently translating connectives are likely to be the same for human and machine translations. These are differences in the syntactic structure of languages and usage differences. Further research of divergent means of conveying discourse relations will allow to draw a sharper border-line between explicitly expressed and implicit discourse relations. The data collected from annotated corpora (both monolingual and multilingual and parallel) will help determine what the divergent ways of expressing logical-semantic relations are and how frequently they are used. The research results can be used both in automatic text processing and automatic text generation. Also, the data on divergent translations of discourse relations can serve to improve the machine translation quality.