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Aim. To estimate the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Materials & Methods. The prospective study (2013 to 2015) included 66 AML and 44 ALL patients receiving 480 chemotherapy cycles within the period of 6 months. Results. Febrile neutropenia was registered during 242 (50 %) chemotherapy cycles occurring more frequently in AML than in ALL patients (93 % vs. 18 %, p < 0.0001). In AML patients infections were more common during induction and consolidation (98 and 89 %) phases compared to ALL patients who most commonly had infection during induction phase (55 %). Compared to ALL patients, AML patients had lower recovery rates after first-line antibiotic monotherapy (24 % vs. 57 %, p < 0.0001), compared to combination therapy (37 % vs. 18 %, p = 0.01). The use of beta-lactam antibiotics in ALL patients was associated with lower recovery rates during the induction phase compared to consolidation phase (47 % vs. 72 %, p = 0.0004). In cases of granulocytopaenia longer that 14 days the clinical recovery rate with administration of the first-line antibiotics and carbapenems accounted for 23-24 % compared to 47 % with other antimicrobials, more commonly with antifungal (21 %) administration. In patients with fever of unknown origin the monotherapy with first-line antibiotics proved to be successful (45 %). In patients with clinically and microbiologically defined infections the best results were achieved by the combined treatment with the beta-lactam antibiotics and other drugs (43 %). Conclusion. Antibiotic escalation has proved to be the optimal strategy in treatment of ALL patients and in cases of fever of unknown origin. The efficacy of the beta-lactam antibiotic monotherapy was lower in AML patients during the induction phase as well as in cases of continuous neutropenia (> 14 days) and clinically and microbiologically diagnosed infections. The adding of other antimicrobial administration resulted in the recovery in 37-48 % of cases.

Introduction. Patients with hematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy (CT) have high incidence of infections which profile is affected by various factors including neutropenia.Objective was to evaluate incidence and type of infections in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) according to neutropenia duration.Materials and methods. Prospective study (2013–2015) included 110 patients (66 AML, 44 ALL) that received 480 CT cycles throughout 6 month.Results. Neutropenia with median duration of 15 (2–55) days was in 288 (60 %) of CT cycles. Infections occurred in 242 (50 %) of CT cycles and predominated in neutropenic compared to non-neutropenic patients (80 % vs 6 %, p <0.0001). Infections prevailed in patients with AML compared to ALL patients (93 % vs 18 %, p <0.0001) as in patients with neutropenia (96 % vs 45 %, p <0.0001) and without neutropenia (27 % vs 4 %, p = 0.02). Prolongation of neutropenia from 1–7 days to ≥22 days was associated with increase of infections rate from 52 to 96 % (p <0.0001). Incidence of infections in AML patients was high (92–100 %) regardless of neutropenia duration, whereas in ALL patients it increased from 25–33 to 91 % if neutropenia lengthened from 2 weeks to ≥22 days. During neutropenia the probability of fever of unknown origin was 33.9 %, clinically documented infection – 31.3 %, bacteremia – 17.2 %. They predominated in the first 2 weeks of neutropenia. Probability of invasive aspergillosis (IA) increased after 28 days of neutropenia and reached 66 % on the 55th day. First case of IA in patients with ALL was on 28th day of neutropenia whilst in AML patients – 4 (44 %) of 9 occurred more early (6–16 days of neutropenia). Nine (6 %) of 110 patients died, 4 (4 %) of them due to infection.Conclusions. Neutropenia was a predictor of infectious complications in patients with AML and ALL. Correlation between duration of neutropenia and incidence of infections was in patients with ALL, whereas in AML patients the rate of infections was high regardless of neutropenia duration. In patients with neutropenia for 2 weeks the most common types of infection were fever of unknown origin, clinically documented infection and bacteremia whilst IA predominated if neutropenia duration was ≥28 days.