The microbial community of the human gut has a crucial role in sustaining host homeostasis. High-throughput DNA sequencing has delineated the structural and functional configurations of gut metagenomes in world populations. The microbiota of the Russian population is of particular interest to researchers, because Russia encompasses a uniquely wide range of environmental conditions and ethnogeographical cohorts. Here we conduct a shotgun metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota samples from 96 healthy Russian adult subjects, which reveals novel microbial community structures. The communities from several rural regions display similarities within each region and are dominated by the bacterial taxa associated with the healthy gut. Functional analysis shows that the metabolic pathways exhibiting differential abundance in the novel types are primarily associated with the trade-off between the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla. The specific signatures of the Russian gut microbiota are likely linked to the host diet, cultural habits and socioeconomic status.

Aim of publication. To present indications for antihelicobacter therapy, methods and sequence of diagnostics and eradication treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection to general practitioners. Key points. Chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, including that in «asymptomatic» patients can be considered to be an indication for H. pylori eradication therapy both as etiological treatment and opportunistic screening diagnostics for gastric cancer prevention. Indications for obligatory antihelicobacter therapy include stomach and a duodenum peptic ulcer (PU), stomach MALT-lymphoma, early gastric cancer with endoscopic resection. Breath test with 13 С-labeled urea, laboratory test for assessment of anti-H. pylori antibodies in feces, rapid urease test and serological method can be recommended for primary diagnostics of infection. Serological test is not applicable after antihelicobacter therapy. According to the bulk of regional studies clarithromycin resistance level of H. pylori strains in Russia does not exceed 15%. Obtained data indicate the absence of high metronidazole-resistance of H. pylori as well as double resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole. Standard triple therapy including proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin and amoxicillin is recommended Цель публикации. Ознакомить практикующих врачей с показаниями к проведению антигеликобактерной терапии, методами и порядком проведения диагностики и эрадикационной терапии инфекции Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Основные положения. Хронический гастрит, вызванный инфекцией Н. pylori, в том числе у «бессимптомных» лиц, можно рассматривать как показание к проведению эрадикационной терапии инфекции Н. pylori в качестве этиотропного лечения и оппортунистического скрининга для профилактики рака желудка. Показаниями к обязательному проведению антигеликобактерной терапии служат язвенная болезнь желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, MALT-лимфома желудка, ранний рак желудка с эндоскопической резекцией. В качестве методов первичной диагностики инфекции H. pylori используют дыхательный тест с мочевиной, меченной 13 С, определение антигена H. pylori в кале лабораторным способом, быстрый уреазный тест и серологический метод. После проведения антигеликобактерной терапии серологический метод не применяют. Согласно результатам большинства региональных исследований, показатели устойчивости штаммов H. pylori к кларитромицину в России не выше

SUMMARYHelicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of peptic ulcer and is also associated with chronic gastritis, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Guidelines have been developed in the United States and Europe (areas with low prevalence) for the diagnosis and management of this infection, including the recommendation to ‘test and treat’ those with dyspepsia. A group of international experts performed a targeted literature review and formulated an expert opinion for evidenced-based benefits and harms for screening and treatment of H. pylori in high-prevalence countries. They concluded that in Arctic countries where H. pylori prevalence exceeds 60%, treatment of persons with H. pylori infection should be limited only to instances where there is strong evidence of direct benefit in reduction of morbidity and mortality, associated peptic ulcer disease and MALT lymphoma and that the test-and-treat strategy may not be beneficial for those with dyspepsia.

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