Кукушкин М.Л.-д.м.н., профессор, руководитель лаборатории фундаментальных и прикладных проблем боли ФГБНУ «НИИ общей патологии и патофизиологии» 5 , ответственный секретарь Российского общества по изучению боли,

Folates have a pterine core structure and high metabolic activity due to their ability to accept electrons and react with O-, S-, N-, C-bounds. Folates play a role as cofactors in essential one-carbon pathways donating methyl-groups to choline phospholipids, creatine, epinephrine, DNA. Compounds similar to folates are ubiquitous and have been found in different animals, plants, and microorganisms. Folates enter the body from the diet and are also synthesized by intestinal bacteria with consequent adsorption from the colon. Three types of folate and antifolate cellular transporters have been found, differing in tissue localization, substrate affinity, type of transferring, and optimal pH for function. Laboratory criteria of folate deficiency are accepted by WHO. Severe folate deficiencies, manifesting in early life, are seen in hereditary folate malabsorption and cerebral folate deficiency. Acquired folate deficiency is quite common and is associated with poor diet and malabsorption, alcohol consumption, obesity, and kidney failure. Given the observational data that folates have a protective effect against neural tube defects, ischemic events, and cancer, food folic acid fortification was introduced in many countries. However, high physiological folate concentrations and folate overload may increase the risk of impaired brain development in embryogenesis and possess a growth advantage for precancerous altered cells.

Aim of publication. To present indications for antihelicobacter therapy, methods and sequence of diagnostics and eradication treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection to general practitioners. Key points. Chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, including that in «asymptomatic» patients can be considered to be an indication for H. pylori eradication therapy both as etiological treatment and opportunistic screening diagnostics for gastric cancer prevention. Indications for obligatory antihelicobacter therapy include stomach and a duodenum peptic ulcer (PU), stomach MALT-lymphoma, early gastric cancer with endoscopic resection. Breath test with 13 С-labeled urea, laboratory test for assessment of anti-H. pylori antibodies in feces, rapid urease test and serological method can be recommended for primary diagnostics of infection. Serological test is not applicable after antihelicobacter therapy. According to the bulk of regional studies clarithromycin resistance level of H. pylori strains in Russia does not exceed 15%. Obtained data indicate the absence of high metronidazole-resistance of H. pylori as well as double resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole. Standard triple therapy including proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin and amoxicillin is recommended Цель публикации. Ознакомить практикующих врачей с показаниями к проведению антигеликобактерной терапии, методами и порядком проведения диагностики и эрадикационной терапии инфекции Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Основные положения. Хронический гастрит, вызванный инфекцией Н. pylori, в том числе у «бессимптомных» лиц, можно рассматривать как показание к проведению эрадикационной терапии инфекции Н. pylori в качестве этиотропного лечения и оппортунистического скрининга для профилактики рака желудка. Показаниями к обязательному проведению антигеликобактерной терапии служат язвенная болезнь желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, MALT-лимфома желудка, ранний рак желудка с эндоскопической резекцией. В качестве методов первичной диагностики инфекции H. pylori используют дыхательный тест с мочевиной, меченной 13 С, определение антигена H. pylori в кале лабораторным способом, быстрый уреазный тест и серологический метод. После проведения антигеликобактерной терапии серологический метод не применяют. Согласно результатам большинства региональных исследований, показатели устойчивости штаммов H. pylori к кларитромицину в России не выше

The treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and COVID-19-associated diarrhea remains challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-strain probiotic in the treatment of COVID-19. This was a randomized, controlled, single-center, open-label trial (NCT04854941). Inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 and pneumonia were randomly assigned to a group that received a multi-strain probiotic (PRO group) or to the control group (CON group). There were 99 and 101 patients in the PRO and CON groups, respectively. No significant differences in mortality, total duration of disease and hospital stay, incidence of intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation or oxygen support, liver injury development, and changes in inflammatory biomarker levels were observed between the PRO and CON groups among all included patients as well as among subgroups delineated based on age younger or older than 65 years, and subgroups with chronic cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Diarrhea on admission was observed in 11.5% of patients; it resolved earlier in the PRO group than in the CON group (2 [1–4] vs. 4 [3–6] days; p = 0.049). Hospital-acquired diarrhea developed less frequently in the PRO group than in the CON group among patients who received a single antibiotic (0% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.023) unlike among those who received > 1 antibiotic (10.5% vs. 13.3%; p = 0.696). The studied probiotic had no significant effect on mortality and changes in most biomarkers in COVID-19. However, it was effective in treating diarrhea associated with COVID-19 and in preventing hospital-acquired diarrhea in patients who received a single antibiotic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5.

No abstract