Исследования проведены в 2006…2017 гг. на серых лесных почвах Чувашской Республики в двух севооборотах (зернопаропропашном и зернопаропропашном сидеральном). В сравнении с классическим способом осенней обработки почвы плугом ПЛН-3-35 на глубину 26 см изучали эффективность минимальных способов обработки (1-й минимальный-КОS-3,0 на глубину 16 см; 2-й минимальный-БДМ-3,2 на 16 см; 3-й минимальный-без осенней обработки). Весеннюю обработку почвы на глубину 6 см во всех вариантах осуществляли комбинированным орудием Паук-6. Яровая и озимая пшеница, как культура твердых почв, при применении 1 и 2 минимальных способов обработки почвы не уступали по величине урожайности классическому-4,12-4,88 т/га. В засушливые года способы минимальной обработки способствовали получению более высоких урожаев: прибавка по озимой пшенице составила 0,12-0,14 т/га, по ячменю-0,22-0,41 т/га. Классический способ обработки почвы способствовал получению наиболее высоких урожаев при возделывании картофеля до 32,4 т/га, ячменя-до 4,04 т/га, яровой вики-до 2,73 т/га. Минимальный способ без осенней обработки почвы снижал урожайность всех культур в севооборотах до 30%, экономическую эффективность их возделывания на 9-15%. Лучшие результаты экономической эффективности при возделывании зерновых культур и яровой вики получили при замене классического способа обработки почвы на 1-й минимальный, который обеспечил повышение уровня рентабельности в севооборотах с 10 до 17%. Эффективность 2-го минимального варианта обработки почвы при возделывании яровой и озимой пшениц была на уровне классического способа, при возделывании ячменя и яровой вики-ниже на 5-10%. При возделывании картофеля лучшие результаты экономической эффективности получены при классическом способе (от 67 до 82%). Использование 1-го и 2-го минимальных способов обработки почвы позволило снизить затраты ГСМ на 35-40%, увеличить производительность почвообрабатывающих агрегатов в 2,2 и 2,5 раза.

The article informs on the 2006-2019 studies of the effect of resource-saving methods of tillage based on the use of combined tillage units KOS-3 (1st minimum), BDM-3.2х4 (2nd minimum), Spider-6 (3rd minimum without autumn tillage) in two crop rotations (grain-fallow-row crop rotation and grain-fallow-row green manure crop rotation) on the structural-aggregate composition of gray forest soil and crop yields. During the year of laying the experiment the percentage of structural aggregates (0.25-10 mm) in the soil of a grain-fallow-row crop rotation ranged from 72.2 to 74.4 %, in a grain-fallow-row green manure crop rotation – from 70.1 to 73.2 %, with the structural coefficient (K) 2.60-2.91 and 2.41-2.73, respectively. For two crop rotations the structural state of the soil improved due to the effect of green manure crop rotation (К = 3.07, LSD05 = 0.13) as compared to the grain-row without green manure (К = 2.93). More significant differences according to the soil structure coefficient were obtained in studied tillages: 3.03 (plowing), 3.41 (1st minimum), 2.91 (2nd minimum), 2.65 (3d minimum) with LSD05 = 0.17. The first and the second methods of minimal tillage had an advantage over plowing as to the increase in agronomically valuable aggregates (0.25-10 mm) as compared with the original soil. On the average among the crop rotations the yield of grain crops by classical and 1st minimum methods of tillage (3.65-3.66 t/ha) exceeded significantly the indicators of all the rest variants with minimum tillage (by 0.15-0.43 t/ha, LSD05 = 0.10). The yield of potato in all variants with minimal soil tillage was significantly lower (by 5.1-8.3 t/ha, LSD05 = 1.44) than with plowing (27.8 t/ha). The assessment of profitability of grain crops cultivation showed the advantages of replacing the moldboard plowing for resource-saving methods using combined tillage units KOS-3 and BDM-4-3.2 which provided the yield of spring and winter wheat, barley and spring vetch at the level of 2.42-4.50 and 2.33-4.41 t/ha, respectively, with cultivation profitability of 51-64 and 44-59 %. The third minimum method of tillage decreased the cultivation profitability of grain crops and vetch by 10-15 %. The best indicators of potato production profitability (67-82 %) were achieved when using the classical variant of soil tillage.

The promotion of cotton in regions with long daylight hours is a priority for genetics. The creation of a new breeding material for a crop with a short growing season of 95-110 days makes it possible to organize the production of this fiber in the south of Russia. The studies were carried out in 2014-2020 at the experimental sites of the Volgograd State Agrarian University. Growth, development, ecological and biological characteristics were studied on new cotton varieties PGSSH 1 and PGSSH 7 in conditions of light chestnut soils. Field experiments were carried out according to generally accepted methods. As a result, it was found that the growing season of new varieties of cotton corresponds to the conditions of the season in the Volgograd region. Boll opening is celebrated from 25 August to 20 September. Bushes form 4 to 18 fruits, 58% are located in the middle tier. The limiting growth and development factors include sharp drops in daytime and nighttime temperatures in spring (up to 150C). In some years, cold and rainy weather in July leads to the development of diseases on plants. However, new varieties of cotton have time to mature and form high quality fiber. Hot, dry weather does not adversely affect plant growth and development. The potential yield of these varieties reaches 3.3-3.5 t / ha. These varieties have good prospects for implementation. The development of varietal agricultural technology will ensure the organization of cotton production in areas with long daylight hours.

The article presents the results of studying the minimum methods of soil cultivation in a stationary experiment on the gray forest heavy loam soil of the southern part of the Volga-Vyatka region of Russia. Based on the conducted research, it was found that on gray forest soils in adaptive landscape agriculture of the Chuvash Republic, it is advisable to replace the traditional method of soil cultivation (based on dump plowing) with resource-saving methods. This is primarily the use of minimum-1 and 2 methods of soil treatment, where combined tillage units KOS-3 and BDM-4-3.2 are used.