The article dwells upon Dmitry Egorovich Gorokhov, prominent representative of the Moscow pediatric school. D.E. Gorokhov, as the chief physician and director of the Sofia Children’s Hospital in Moscow, is well-recognized as the author of the first Russian pediatric surgery guidelines and he is rightfully considered the founder of this discipline. Management tactics for such socially significant diseases in children as appendicitis, tuberculosis of bones and joints, tumors, and various congenital abnormalities were developed under his supervision. D.E. Gorokhov was the first who summarized the experience of using anesthesia in pediatric surgery. He became the initiator and organizer of nutrition in Moscow municipal schools. The scientific, practical, educational, and social activities of the doctor and scientist who notably contributed to the child welfare are shown.

In the early twentieth century in Moscow consistent development of city system of health care delivery to mothers and children was carried out. Under the leadership of the outstanding Russian obstetrician G. L. Grauerman, a medical complex was created, which included the Lepekhin maternity hospital and the Timister hospital for postpartum patients. Here for the first time in our country systematic protection of motherhood was carried out. The experience of the institution in 1916 was recommended for widespread distribution in Russia, and after the revolution was used to build the Soviet health care system. The example of the complex showed that in Russia it was possible to implement effective measures for the protection of infancy. The receiver of the complex is the Moscow regional research Institute of obstetrics and gynecology (MONIIAG).

Тhis article is devoted to the achievement of medical scientists in hero-city Leningrad, who conducted scientific research and obtained unique results during the tragic days of the siege.

The article is devoted to the problems of the maternity and childhood welfare services recovery in the USSR in the second half of the 40s. of XX century. It shows the contribution of medical scientific institutions in the training of pediatric professionals.

The article is devoted to the important course of the medicine development at the beginning of the 20th century — mother and infant protection. The contribution of pediatricians and obstetricians to prevention of high infant mortality in Moscow is represented. The activities of G.N. Speransky and other doctors in public benevolent institutions are reported.