This article presents a review of available information on asprosin — a hormone of white adipose tissue discovered in 2016. The history of its discovery, as well as its action mechanisms and main targets are examined. Changes in the plasma level of asprosin under some pathological conditions are analysed. The importance of studying asprosin is determined by its functions: asprosin regulates physiological processes during fasting and plays an important role in the development of metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance. There are relatively few studies concerned with asprosin; however, this hormone can already be considered as a diagnostic marker and a potential target in the treatment of certain metabolic disorders, e.g. diabetes mellitus and obesity.