Протягом 2006–2017 років маршрутним та рекогносцирувальним методами встановили пооб’єктний флористичний склад деревних та чагарникових видів на теренах усіх різновидів девастованих земель Криворіжжя: бортах відпрацьованих кар’єрів, відвалах / териконах / кавальєрах, хвостосховищах, покинутих промислових майданчиках, зонах обвалення гірничорудних, металургійних, будівельних та цементних підприємств. Результати, висновки та рекомендації. На девастованих землях Криворіжжя виявлено 55 видів дерев та чагарників, які належать до 33 родів, 18 родин та одного відділу (Покритонасінні). Найбільш поширені – середньовибагливі до рівня зволоження та родючості ґрунтів, світлолюбні, інтродуковані види. Різноманіття екологічних умов девастованих земель, тривалість формування рослинного покриву на цих теренах зумовлюють збільшення кількості таксонів деревно-чагарникових видів та зменшення питомої ваги аборигенних видів. Кількість атмосферних опадів викликає тенденцію до збільшення питомої ваги чагарників. Території девастованих земель, що містять одночасно пухкі та скельні гірські породи, найбільш перспективні для створення деревно-чагарникових насаджень без попереднього нанесення шару родючого ґрунту. Мезо- та мікрозападини, нижня частина схилу, а також частина берм, що безпосередньо прилягає до схилу, – це найбільш перспективні місця, де доцільно починати створення таких насаджень. Рекомендовані перспективні види дерев та чагарників для фіторекультивації девастованих земель Криворіжжя та інших промислових регіонів. При цьому, деревні види є більш пріоритетними для фіторекультивації земель, які розташовані у північно-степовій зоні. В той час, як чагарникові видидоцільно використовувати для фіторекультивації в регіонах, котрі розташовані у центрально-степовій зоні. Добираючи види дерев та чагарників для створення насаджень на девастованих землях, необхідно також ураховувати можливість їх некерованого використання як джерела харчової та лікарської сировини.
The comparative analysis of the fruit and seed capacity of Chaenomeles Lindl., grew in the botanical garden of the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, was carried out. It is shown that all studied taxa undergo a complete vegetation cycle. According to our observations, the duration of the growing season is as follows: the smallest in Chaenomeles japonica, the longest in C. × superba and C. maulei, the longest in C. speciosa, C. cathayensis and C. californica. Seed length in Chaenomeles plants ranged from 4.2 ± 0.10 mm (C. japonica var. maulei) to 8.5 ± 0.25 mm (C. сathayensis). Seed widths varied from 4.1 ± 0.32 mm (C. cathayensis) to 11.1 ± 0.10 mm (C. japonica var. maulei). According to the results obtained, the average number of seeds in one fruit of different Chaenomeles species differed, decreasing in the following order: C. cathayensis, C. speciosa > C. × californica > C. × superba > C. japonica > C. japonica var. maulei. Most of the Chaenomeles genus representatives were found to be in a good condition: C. japonica var. maulei vitality was estimated at 7 balls, C. japonica and C. × superba – 6 balls. This index is slightly lower for C. speciosa, C. × californica and C. cathayensis as 5 and 4 balls, respectively. It should be noted that the highest vitality was shown by C. japonica var. maulei, which was introduced in the Botanical Garden of DNU in 1955. In research, considerable attention has been paid to the antioxidant system, which is a powerful mechanism preventing the development of avalanche-free and radical peroxide reactions in living organisms. The antioxidant capacity of Chaenomeles fruits, determined in the range from 565.8 ± 15.7 (C. speciosa) to 1121.7 ± 27.5 (C. cathayensis) mg UAE / 100 g DW, can be considered quite high. The overall antioxidant capacity was highest for C. cathayensis fruits (1121.7 ± 27.5 mg AE / 100 g DW), which exceeded the indexes of other species by 1.2–2.0 times. The presence of antioxidants in raw materials and finished products provides for the prevention of their deterioration, reduction of losses, increase the shelf life and release of high quality products, retaining for a long time the characteristic features inherent in fresh, complete products. High taste qualities are characteristic of C. speciosa and C. × californica. Considering the large assortment of Chaenomeles, representatives differing in their biological, physiological and nutritional properties, we consider it promising to introduce their use in the food industry to obtain functional products with high consumer properties, namely, high content of antioxidants, catering for a variety of dishes or for exotic flavors, as well for direct consumption by the population of useful fruits with different flavors.
In our time, a very urgent problem is the cessation of negative impacts on the environment and the return to the practical use of the territories of devastated lands.
The present study examines the relationships between structure (floristic composition, dendrometric parameters), diversity (diversity and evenness indexes) of urban forest park stands and the ecological (soil fertility, soil moisture), environmental factors (air pollution). The study is based on the forest park stands inventory data, performed from 2012 to 2017 in Kryvyi Rih City, Central Ukraine. The floristic compositions of the urban forest park stands are poor. There are only 23 species that belong to 14 families and 12 genera. More families were represented by at least more than 2% of taxon diversity. While Ulmaceae (2 genera, 4 species-17,39 %), Fabaceae (3 genera, 2 species-17,39 %), Aсеrасеае (1 genera, 4 species-17,39 %) were the most representative families. It was established that at forest park the values of stand density varied from 490 to 660 trees*ha-1 , stem heights were from 26 to 31 m, stem diameters were from 13 to 17 cm, stand basal area were from 32 to 49 m 2 *ha-1 , stand volume were from 200 to 415 m 3 *ha-1. the values of relative stem heights were from 0,63 to 0,82 m*year-1 , relative stem diameters were from 0,31 to 0,43 cm*year-1 , relative stand basal area were from 0,80 to 1,19 m 2 *ha-1 *year-1 , relative stand volume were from 5,45 to 10,28 m 3 *ha-1 *year-1. The varied values of the forest park stands index (Shannon-Wiener diversity index from 0,75 to 1,61, Pielou"s evenness index from 0,53 to 0,86, Simpson"s diversity from 0,24 to 0,60, Margalef"s diversity index from 0,87 to 6,97) indicate the ecological instability of these woody plant communities. Current state of the urban forest park stands determined by the combined influence of ecological (soil fertility, soil moisture) and environmental factors (air pollution).
This research was performed at Petrovsky waste rock dump, the Central part of the Kryvyi Rih iron-ore & metallurgical district (Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine). The macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P and S) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) contents in the leaves of three species of the trees (Ash-leaved maple, Silver Birch and Black locust) that were collected on devastated lands were assessed. It was established that trees which grow on the Petrovsky dump take place under evident shortage of nutrients (especially K and P) and excess of metals (especially Fe, Mn and Zn). It is revealed that Ash-leaved maple and Black locust are more resistant to the geochemical conditions of devastated lands. In this regard, these species of trees can be recommended for forest restoration & reforestation on devastated lands.
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