We make use of longitudinal data for the Russian economy over 1994-2016 to obtain earnings information about parents and children. We show that rank correlations give reliable estimates, and find intergenerational correlations for sons and daughters that are comparable to those found in the USA and the UK. Sons earn more than daughters conditional on education and parents' rank. Observable household characteristics and unobservables contribute about the same to the correlations, both more than education.
Детерминанты заработков изучаются с помощью уравнения Минсера, которое включает трудовой стаж (возраст), год рождения, период наблюдения и другие факторы. Для разделения эффектов указанных переменных применяется авторская методика, основанная на замене в уравнении периода наблюдения на индекс реальной полной заработной платы, рассчитанный для каждой из гендерных групп. Для коррекции смещения, возникающего из-за самоотбора респондентов, используется модель Хекмана. Результаты показывают, что инвестирование в течение трудовой жизни служит важным фактором накопления человеческого капитала. Предсказанные заработки работников обоего пола, имеющих среднее общее профессиональное или высшее образование, значительно увеличиваются за период трудовой жизни вследствие накопления трудового опыта и прохождения программ профессиональной переподготовки. Работники, человеческий капитал которых сформировался в условиях административно-командной экономики Советского Союза, не смогли полностью заместить трудовые навыки, обесценившиеся в результате перехода к рынку, новыми умениями. Предсказанные заработки мужчин и женщин, рожденных до 1970 г., существенно отстают от уровня оплаты их более молодых коллег. Библиогр. 24 назв. Ил. 7. Табл. 7.
Nowadays the consideration of longitudinal slope when rationing automobile fuel consumption is hardly taken into account, and it is received just impliedly when paying attention to the area relief. Along with this, the influence of slopes of flat and slightly hilly terrain on fuel consumption is not taken into consideration at all. This article presents an easy calculation approach to the consideration of the quantitative effects of road slope angels (rise and descent) on the final fuel consumption of a vehicle on real routes. The notion of a reduced slope angle is inroduced,a substantial increase of fuel consumption on descents in comparison with rises is ascertained.
This research examines the impact of macroeconomic shocks and political measures, including sanctions, imposed by western countries on trade flows, commodity compositions, and import-export flows to the Russian Federation. To this end, we use 2012-2016 panel date to produce gravity equations containing the determining features of Russia's import-export volumes of agricultural, raw material, and industrial goods. Our results confirm that macroeconomic shocks led to a significant reduction in trade. A conservative estimate of the marginal impact ranges between 9% and 34%, depending on the sector and the direction of trade. This study also shows that trade-restrictive measures made a significant contribution to trade reductions. Open diplomatic conflicts had a particularly negatively strong impact on Russia's trade with Ukraine and Turkey, and the marginal effect was in the range of 30%-50%. The introduction of a food embargo by Russia resulted in a significant reduction in agricultural imports from developed countries, although the decrease in Russian trade with this group in other sectors can largely be explained by the negative impact of macroeconomic shocks. These findings demonstrate that Russia's trade in some product groups has been reoriented to countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Eurasian Economic Union.
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