The article contains the review of literature data dedicated to the most common complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) - the diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). DPN is regarded as economic burden for any state and significantly influences the quality of patient’s life. DPN is characterized by progressive degeneration of peripheral nerves that leads to pain syndrome, movement disorders and loss of sensation. There is a set of theories of development of DPN, but the major etiological factor is the chronic hyperglycemia. The article describes pathophysiologic mechanisms of DPN development. It is noted that considering high variability of clinical pattern DPN has no unified classification. The article addresses issues related to diagnostics and criteria of establishing the diagnosis. Special attention of the article is dedicated to pathogenic and expected treatment methods.

In this review, we pay attention to the role of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the development of response of the organism to hypoxia. Special attention is given to the regulation of the cell responses to hypoxia in chronic peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Cells can survive by activation of a transcription of genes, involved in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. Artificial rising of concentration and activity of HIF stimulates an angiogenesis and improves ulcers healing of the lower extremities. The data of the literature are provided on the possible methods of increasing HIF concentration in tissues, which could be a new way to stimulate wound healing in the patients with DM.

Infantile cerebral palsy (ICP) is the main cause of childhood disability and is characterized by a non-progressive lesion and/or impaired development of the brain in a foetus or newborn. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a modern non-invasive method with extensive capabilities for diagnosing brain damage in ICP. The review focuses on anatomical structural MR patterns of brain damage in ICP and gives the present-day classification of MR changes in this disease. The role of MRI in determining the duration of brain damage in ICP has been considered. Data on the ratio of ICP phenotypes to pathological MR findings has been presented. Neuroimaging prognostic biomarkers are discussed. It is emphasized that many questions regarding the prognostic significance of MR findings remain unresolved; prospects are associated with the use of new MRI modalities such as functional and diffusiontensor MRI.

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system, afflicting mainly young people. The efforts of investigators around the world are aimed at creating highly effective disease-modifying therapies that have a favorable safety and tolerance profile. The review briefly lists the disease-modifying therapies currently registered in the Russian Federation. Information is provided on the international clinical trial phases II and III of disease-modifying therapies, international nonproprietary products and/or active substance molecules, intended mechanisms of action and indicators of their effectiveness and safety. The article describes disease-modifying therapies that have been approved by the FDA and that may be available for Russian neurologists in the near future for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The treatment possibilities of drugs used in Russia for other indications than multiple sclerosis are discussed.