The protective effects of Trichoderma asperellum IZR D-11 as a biocontrol agent against the powdery mildew Erysiphe alphitoides infecting leaves of Quercus robur were evaluated for the first time. A strain of Trichoderma had earlier been isolated in Belarus, and was identified in this study as T. asperellum by sequencing of three genomic markers: internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1 alpha and RNA polymerase II subunit 2, with over 99.2% identity to corresponding genomic sequences in GenBank. When applied once in the first year just after onset of powdery mildew disease, T asperellum IZR D-11 reduced disease progression and continued to reduce powdery mildew levels during the following three years. Photosynthetic activity as represented by chlorophyll fluorescence measured in oak seedlings was increased in treated plants, and greater assimilate production was also found. The use of this antagonistic fungus increased the total water content in oak leaves suggesting that T. asperellum IZR D-11 can serve as a preventive measure to reduce energy losses in the process of water transpiration. GC-MS analysis detected 49 volatile compounds in the headspace of pure cultures of T. asperellum. Sesquiterpenes represented mainly by daucene, dauca-4(11),8-diene and isodaucene were the largest group of compounds emitted. We speculate that these volatiles from T. asperellum IZR D-11 may be involved in induced resistance in the plant, but further research is needed. The above results suggest that T. asperellum strain IZR D-11 has potential as a biocontrol agent of oak powdery mildew in forest nurseries.

The selection of saprotrophic antagonist fungi strains of the Trichoderma genus by indicators of cellulolytic and antagonistic activity for the selection of promising destructors in the composting of solid cellulose-containing municipal waste to obtain organic fertilizer was carried out. High cellulolytic activity (64,89–68,98 %) was established for strains of Trichoderma asperellum D-11 (the basis of the biological preparation Fungilex, L) and Trichoderma sp. L-3 (the component of the microbiological inoculant Resoiler, L). The index of growth inhibition of phytopathogenic and mold micromycetes reached 92,5 %.

The aim of this research is the monitoring of diseases of Scots pine in the plantings and forest stands in the Republic of Belarus depending on the species composition of pests, their biology and the effectiveness of various methods of plant protection. Significant loss of plants for planting is associated with the spread of pathogens causing damage to seedlings, mainly from the genus Fusarium, Alternaria and Botrytis. The most abundant pests of Scots pine are Coleoptera and Lepidoptera groups representing 16 and 8 species, accordingly. Numerous species represent Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae and Tortricidae family. The main components of an effective system of measures, as an integral part of the technology of growing of planting material of Scots pine in containers, are pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides, stimulating the growth and development of seedlings. The elaborated system of protective measures of forest plantations is based on the prevalence, phenology of pests, estimation of phytopathogenic load, monitoring of diseases and seasonal climatic conditions.

Реферат. В статье представлены результаты лабораторных, полевых и производственных опытов по изучению антагонистической активности штамма D-11 Trichoderma spp. -основы биопрепарата «Фунгилекс», Ж, по отношению к возбудителям парши и плодовой гнили яблони -грибам V. inaequalis и M. fructigena, биологической и хозяйственной эффективности применения биопрепарата против парши и монилиоза яблони. Разработана биологизированная система защиты яблони от болезней с включением биопрепарата «Фунгилекс», Ж, которая позволила сохранить 67,5 ц/га с выходом 90,0 % стандартной продукции яблок.

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