This article discusses the clinical features and causes of falls in the elderly due to vestibular dysfunction. The sociomedical significance of this problem is emphasized. Almost 50% of older people who have suffered repeated falls have a restriction of physical activity because of psychological reasons (fear of repeated falls). The most common cause of falls is balance disorders, and the corresponding complaint in patients with falls is vertigo. The description of peripheral and central forms of vertigo is provided. The clinical and pathogenetic aspects of these disorders are considered. It emphasizes that research conducted in recent years using methods of functional neuroimaging has significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of functioning of the vestibular system, especially its central parts. Based on the results of studies aimed at studying the human connectome in patients with cochleovestibular disorders, the significance of multimodal sensory integration disorders with this pathology is shown.

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The deals with the features of mental disorders in neurological diseases - dementia, epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis. It is emphasized that psychopathological syndromes are not pathognomony for certain neurological diseases. Among the signs that help in the correct diagnosis of mental disorders caused by neurological pathology, their sudden occurrence on heteronomy soil with very variable and atypical for mental diseases of clinical manifestations, the absence of aggravated by mental illness (including family) history, resistance to the drugs commonly used in psychiatric pathology, the patient’s intake of drugs, among side effects which are mental disorders. In the diagnosis, the key is the correct assessment of neurological status, its dynamics, as well as confirmed by paraclinical research methods, in patients with neurological diseases, which in themselves can lead to the development of mental disorders. However, ignoring the features of mental disorders, the lack of a clinically adjusted approach to this category of patients, difficulties in highlighting the most significant symptoms, can lead to misdiagnosis. Therefore, it is so important to know not only the neurological manifestations of certain neurological diseases, but also to properly navigate their mental manifestations. To solve this problem, it is necessary to closely interact psychiatrists with neurologists. Only with this condition will it be possible to effectively help the patient.