Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2016, вып. 4 42 Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]сибирская язва -особо опасная бактериальная зоонозная инфекция, способная благодаря длитель-ному сохранению в почве спор Bacillus anthracis со-хранять угрозу возвращения и повторных вспышек на пораженных территориях в течение многих деся-тилетий. основным источником инфекции для чело-века является больное животное или его труп, факто-рами передачи -продукты животноводства, почва и другие объекты окружающей среды.на территории российской Федерации насчиты-вается свыше 35 тыс. стационарно неблагополучных по сибирской язве пунктов (снп), в которых учте-но около 8 тыс. сибиреязвенных скотомогильников. при этом существует высокая вероятность наличия значительного количества неучтенных сибиреязвен-ных захоронений [2]. за последние 20 лет, в период с 1996 по 2015 год, в российской Федерации. по сравнению с пред-ыдущим двадцатилетним периодом (1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995) в 2016 г. на территории ямало-ненецкого автономного округа возникла эпидемия сибирской язвы, при этом заболело 2650 северных оленей. в результате контакта с больными и павшими животными за-болело 36человек с одним летальным исходом. проведенный в полном объеме комплекс противоэпиде-мических, противоэпизоотических и профилактических мероприятий, оперативная организация работы на региональном уровне позволили в максимально короткие сроки локализовать крупный очаг сибирской язвы. на основании опыта работы во время вспышки определены пути дальнейшего совершенствования эпидемиологического надзора и профилактики сибирской язвы в современных условиях.Ключевые слова: сибирская язва, эпизоотия, северные олени, противоэпидемические мероприятия. In 2016, in the territory of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District an outbreak of anthrax took place, 2650 reindeers were infected. As a consequence of contacts with affected and fallen animals, 36 cases of human infection occurred, of which one was fatal. Performed full-extent complex of anti-epidemic, anti-epizootic, and preventive measures, prompt organization of operations at the regional level allowed for localization of large-scale anthrax focus within the minimum possible time. Based on the lessons learned, identified were the ways to further enhancement of epidemiological surveillance and prophylaxis of anthrax under current conditions.
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which came to Russia in March 2020, is accompanied by morbidity level changes and can be tracked using serological monitoring of a representative population sample from Federal Districts (FDs) and individual regions. In a longitudinal cohort study conducted in 26 model regions of Russia, distributed across all FDs, we investigated the distribution and cumulative proportions of individuals with antibodies (Abs) to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (Ag), in the period from June to December 2020, using a three-phase monitoring process. In addition, during the formation of the cohort of volunteers, the number of seropositive convalescents, persons who had contact with patients or COVID-19 convalescents, and the prevalence of asymptomatic forms of infection among seropositive volunteers were determined. According to a uniform methodology, 3 mL of blood was taken from the examined individuals, and plasma was separated, from which the presence of Abs to nucleocapsid Ag was determined on a Thermo Scientific Multiascan FC device using the “ELISA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG” reagent set (prod. Scientific Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology), in accordance with the developer’s instructions. Volunteers (74,158) were surveyed and divided into seven age groups (1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 59–59, 60–69, and 70+ years old), among whom 14,275 were identified as having antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The average percent seropositive in Russia was 17.8% (IQR: 8.8–23.2). The largest proportion was found among children under 17 years old (21.6% (IQR: 13.1–31.7). In the remaining groups, seroprevalence ranged from 15.6% (IQR: 8–21.1) to 18.0% (IQR: 13.4–22.6). During monitoring, three (immune) response groups were found: (A) groups with a continuous increase in the proportion of seropositive; (B) those with a slow rate of increase in seroprevalence; and (C) those with a two-phase curve, wherein the initial increase was replaced by a decrease in the percentage of seropositive individuals. A significant correlation was revealed between the number of COVID-19 convalescents and contact persons, and between the number of contacts and healthy seropositive volunteers. Among the seropositive volunteers, more than 93.6% (IQR: 87.1–94.9) were asymptomatic. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by an increase in seroprevalence, which may be important for the formation of herd immunity.
The first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in St. Petersburg on March 2, 2020; the period of increase in the incidence lasted for 10 weeks, the maximum rates were recorded in mid-May, and subsequently there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence.Objective: to determine the level and structure of community immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of St. Petersburg during the period of intensive spread of COVID-19.Materials and methods. Selection of volunteers for the study was carried out through interviewing and randomization. The exclusion criterion was active COVID-19 infection at the time of the survey. 2713 people aged 1 to 70 years and above were examined for the presence of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay.Results and discussion. Studies have shown that in St. Petersburg, in the active phase of COVID-19 epidemic, there was a moderate seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2, which amounted to 26 %, against the background of a high frequency (84.5 %) of asymptomatic infection in seropositive individuals who did not have a history of COVID-19 disease, positive PCR result and ARI symptoms on the day of examination. The maximum indicators of herd immunity were established in children 1–6 years old (31.1 %), 7–13 years old (37.7 %) and people over 70 years old (30.4 %). Differences in the level of seroprevalence in the age groups of 18–49 years are statistically significant. The highest level of seroprevalence was found among the unemployed (29.7 %), healthcare workers (27.1 %), education sector (26.4 %) and business sector personnel (25 %). In convalescents, COVID-19 antibodies are produced in 75 % of cases. In individuals with positive result of PCR analysis carried out earlier, antibodies are detected in 70 % of the cases. The results of the study of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 are essential to forecast the development of the epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19.
Цель работы-описание случая заболевания человека чумой в 2015 г. на территории Горно-Алтайского высокогорного природного очага, анализ выполненных мероприятий, связанных с локализацией и ликвидацией эпидемического очага. Материалы и методы. Использованы данные отчетной и первичной документации ФКУЗ «Алтайская противочумная станция», документы Управления Роспотребнадзора по Республике Алтай, материалы ФКУЗ «Иркутский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт». Результаты и выводы. Заражение произошло при разделке тушки серого сурка, добытого в долине р. Елангаш, на фоне напряженной эпизоотической ситуации, вызванной распространением в очаге возбудителя чумы основного подвида. Результаты исследования клинического материала, проведенного бактериологическим и молекулярно-генетическим методом, оказались отрицательными. Серологическим методом в системе РНГА/РНАг в сыворотках крови, полученных при госпитализации, выявлены специфические антитела к чумному микробу в низких титрах, расцененные как поствакцинальные. В сыворотке крови, забранной через 7 дней, обнаружены антитела в высоких титрах, что позволило подтвердить клинический диагноз «Чума, бубонная форма». Благодаря эффективному взаимодействию учреждений Роспотребнадзора, медицинских организаций, органов местного самоуправления удалось не допустить дальнейшего развития антропонозного распространения чумы и в короткие сроки локализовать и ликвидировать эпидемический очаг этой опасной инфекционной болезни в Кош-Агачском районе Республики Алтай. Ключевые слова: чума, заболевание человека, эпидемический очаг, противоэпидемические мероприятия, Горно-Алтайский высокогорный природный очаг чумы.
The review presents the analysis of the data on the spread of COVID-19 around the world and in Russia available as of June 15, 2020. Dynamics and geographical dissemination of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation is considered. The structure of incidence by gender and age is presented. Assessment of the key epidemiological parameters (morbidity rates and lethality) is provided. The effectiveness of the response measures conducted to control COVID-19 is discussed.
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