Three cases of family transmission of laboratory-confirmed Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) among spouses are reported. These spouses had sexual contact at the end of the incubation period or during the early stage of the mild form of CCHF, without any hemorrhagic symptoms in the first infected spouse. This report demonstrates that sexual contact may represent a real risk of CCHF transmission, even if the patient only experiences mild symptoms.

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Data on the leukocyte blood composition of two co-habiting species of freshwater turtles, Emys orbicularis and Mauremys caspica, from the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) are provided. Lymphocytes are the predominant cells in the blood of females and males of both species. Heterophils predominated among granulocytes. Two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed a statistical significance of the influence of two factors on the leukocyte formula of freshwater turtles, namely: species (λWilks = 0.459, p < 0.001), sex (λWilks = 0.809, p = 0.019) and their interaction (λWilks < 0.001, p < 0.001). The blood formula (WBC) of E. orbicularis females showed higher levels of eosinophils (z = 3.040, p = 0.001) and basophils (z = 5.394, p < 0.001) and reduced levels of heterophils (z = 3.579, p < 0.001) and lymphocytes (z = 3.391, p < 0.001) compared to M. caspica females. Males of E. orbicularis differed from those of M. caspica by increased levels of eosinophils (z = 2.716, p = 0.003) and basophils (z = 4.829, p < 0.001) and a reduced level of heterophils (z = 3.474, p < 0.001). With general adaptive responses, interspecific differences were clearly expressed: the variability in the parameters of the white blood cell system of E. orbicularis was associated with rearrangement of the ratio of granulocyte cells (heterophils, eosinophils and basophils). The predominance of a specific component of the immune system (lymphocytes) was found in the immune responses of M. caspica. Changes in the leukocyte profiles of freshwater turtles were associated with a change in the agranulocyte–granulocyte ratio, which was confirmed by statistically significant differences in the integral leukocyte indices. The leukocyte profile of Emys orbicularis testified to the insufficient resource of adaptive mechanisms in specific environmental conditions. On the other hand, the blood formula (WBC) showed the possibility of an active response, more pronounced in M. caspica than in E. orbicularis.

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