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Introduction. Motherhood is a cultural, socio-psychological and physiological phenomenon. Motherhood contributes to changing the social and psychological status of a woman, actualizes and optimizes the acquisition of important personal qualities that fall under the characteristics of the archetype of the mother or its reverse or shadow side – the archetype of the stepmother. The gradual disintegration of the institution of the family and socially “legalized” intimate relationships between young people of reproductive age, along with the postponement of the age of birth of a child in a couple, leaves the position of an adult not actualized, leaves young people in an infantile position for an indefinite period. The traditional rites of age-related initiation into the maternal position have now turned out to be unclaimed. In our culture there is a shortage of social and cultural institutions, traditions, rituals of conversion to motherhood. Methods. The research materials were psychological, philosophical, sociological, socio-cultural works that form the methodological basis of motherhood and the cultural and historical roots of the folk doll as a cultural and historical symbolism of the image of motherhood in preschoolers, the archetypal symbolism of motherhood, folk toys in culture from the standpoint of Junginian analytical psychology. Results. Archetypal female images, including the image of motherhood, are widely represented in the form of conscious and unconscious manifestations, spontaneous reproduction of traditions in the symbolism of folk dolls. The symbolism of folk dolls immerses a private immersion in the element of the “original” and gives through it a holistic image of motherhood. A folk toy is one of the forms of folk culture. It is the folk toy that symbolically conveys to the child the culture, wisdom and spirituality of its folk, being the information carrier of the folk tradition. Discussion and Conclusion. A traditional folk doll translates the traditional image of motherhood. The folk rag doll allows to reduce the psychological tension between the child and the surrounding reality, the soft and warm to the touch doll’s body brings up a warm and trusting attitude to the outside world. The internal content of the folk doll is identical in functional characteristics with the maternal role, forms the ideas of preschoolers about the mother, a positive attitude towards her, contributes to the development of the image of motherhood in preschoolers.

Introduction. The article discusses the phenomenon of children’s toys – dolls in the cultural, philosophical and socio-psychological aspects. The role of the mother in creating the cultural and subject environment of the child is emphasized, which will form his identity – cultural, ethnic, ego-identity, his image of motherhood. The image of motherhood develops in a child during pre-school childhood with the help of cultural and historical material that is genetically related to the child. According to cultural-historical psychology, a doll is the embodiment of a cultural subject in which various modes of action are encrypted. First of all, this is a folk doll, which is for the child the image of the ideal mother of a healthy, tolerant, feminine woman who loves the child. Materials and Methods. The cultural-historical approach is considered as a theoretical and methodological research strategy, the study of the image of motherhood in older preschoolers is the object of the study. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the image of motherhood in older preschoolers. Results. The results of an empirical study of the features of the image of motherhood in older preschoolers living in the province are proposed. Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed provisions and conclusions create the prerequisites for further study and understanding of the phenomenon of the importance of the national doll in the formation of the image of motherhood in preschool children in the methodological, substantive, procedural, organizational aspects.

Although the functional role is still unknown for most types of nuclear noncoding repetitive sequences, some of them proved to provide adequate phylogenetic and taxonomic markers for studying the genetic relationships of organisms at the species and within-species levels. Several markers were used in this work. First, microsatellite markers were used to examine populations varying in the extent of genetic subdivision in marine and anadromous fish, including the Chilean jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi, anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta, and isolated and anadromous char populations. Locus polymorphism was proportional to the gene flow between populations in all cases. Second, satellite DNA was used to study the phylogenetic relationships within the genera Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus, and Coregonus. Genetic distances agreed well with the taxonomic relationships based on morphological traits and various biochemical markers and correlated with the evolutionary ages estimated for the groups by other markers. Third, RAPD PCR with a set of 20-mer primers was performed to study the genus Coregonus and anadromous and isolated populations and species of the genus Salvelinus. The resulting phylogenetic trees may help to resolve some disputable taxonomic issues for the groups. A comparison showed that several RAPD-detected sequences contain conserved fragments of coding sequences and polymorphic repeats (minisatellites) from intergenic regions or introns. The finding point to a nonrandom nature of repetitive DNA divergence and may reflect the evolution of the fish groups examined. Heterochromatic satellite repeats were assumed to contribute to generating a reproductive barrier.

This monograph presents an original and multifaceted investigation of the ‘aftertext’ from the perspective of phenomenology and psychology of artistic creation. The conceptual difference between the notion of ‘aftertext’ and the notion of ‘aftertext’ is highlighted. The book is intended for specialists in humanities: literary scholars, philosophers, researchers in arts and culture studies, psychologists and literary critics.