Background. Recent research has suggested a unifactorial structure of spatial ability (SA). However, further studies are needed to replicate this finding in different populations. Objective. This study aims to explore the factorial structure of SA in samples of 921 Russian and 229 Chinese university students. Design. A gamified spatial abilities battery was administered to all participants. The battery consists of 10 different domains of SA, including 2D and 3D visualization, mental rotation, spatial pattern assembly, spatial relations, spatial planning, mechanical reasoning, spatial orientation, and spatial decision-making speed and flexibility. Results. The results of the factor analysis showed a somewhat different pattern for different samples. In the Russian sample, the unifactorial structure, shown previously in a large UK sample (Rimfeld et al., 2017), was replicated. A single factor explained 40% of the variance. In the Chinese sample two factors emerged: the first factor explained 26% of the variance and the second factor, including only mechanical reasoning and cross-sections tests, explained 14%. The results also showed that the Chinese sample significantly outperformed the Russian sample in five out of the 10 tests. Russian students showed better performance in only two of the tests. The effects of all group comparisons were small. The Factorial Structure of Spatial Abilities in Russian and Chinese Students 97 Conclusion. Overall, a similar amount of variance in the 10 tests was explained in the two samples, replicating results from the UK sample. Future research is needed to explain the observed differences in the structure of SA.
Аннотация. Введение. В современном обществе продолжается форми-рование социокультурной среды, основной характеристикой которой является свободный доступ к разнообразным источникам информации. Массовое рас-пространение сети Интернет оказывает непосредственное влияние на процес-сы социализации представителей «Z-поколения», которые проводят колоссаль-ное количество времени в киберпространстве, нередко утрачивая при этом способность реального личностного развития, интерес к приобретению навы-ков реального взаимодействия и эффективных, ничем не опосредованных коммуникаций. В связи с этим актуализируется исследование феномена но-вой, виртуальной идентичности личности, формирующейся в интернет-среде.Цель публикации -обсуждение современного состояния изучения вирту-альной идентичности и систематизация научных знаний о данном феномене.Методы, применявшиеся в работе, -теоретический анализ, синтез и обоб-щение.Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрены различные подходы к ин-терпретации виртуальной идентичности, обозначены тенденции ее исследова-ния. Соотнесены понятия «реальная идентичность» и «виртуальная идентич-ность», выявлены особенности и риски формирования последней. Уточнены функции виртуальной идентичности. В общем виде она отражает субъектив-но-значимый образ «идеального Я», который, однако, компилируется из гото-вого материала, набора символов и графических изображений интернет-сре-ды и поэтому не обладает уникальностью. Описаны факторы конструирова-ния человеком виртуальной идентичности, чаще всего возникающей по при-чине неудовлетворенности индивида своей реальной идентичностью или вследствие кризиса идентификации, при котором личность утрачивает целос-
Background. Spatial ability (SA) has long been the focus of research in psychology, because it is associated with performance in science, technologies, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Research has shown that males consistently outperform females in most aspects of SA, which may partially explain the observed overrepresentation of male students seeking STEM degrees.Objective. This study examines sex and field of study (degree) differences in different aspects of spatial ability and its structure.Design. We assessed SA by using an on-line gamified battery, which included 10 spatial tests capturing 10 dimensions of spatial ability, among which were mental rotation, spatial visualization, spatial scanning, spatial reasoning, perspective-taking, and mechanical reasoning. The sample consisted of 882 STEM (55% males) and Humanities (20% males) university students in Russia.Results. Males outperformed females on all assessed components of SA with a small effect size (1-11%). We also found that students from STEM fields outperformed Humanities students on all SA subtests (effect size ranged from 0.2 to 7%). These differences by study choice were not fully explained by the observed over-representation of males in the STEM group. The results of the study suggested no interaction between sex and degree. In other words, on average, males outperformed females, irrespective of whether they were STEM or humanities students; and the STEM advantage was observed for both 38 E. A. Esipenko et al.males and females. The same unifactorial structure of SA was observed in the STEM and Humanities groups. Conclusion.Our results are consistent with previous research, suggesting sex and study field differences in SA. Longitudinal research is needed to explore the causal mechanisms underscoring these differences.
Проблема и цель. Авторами исследуется проблема функционального развития пожилыми людьми своей личности в условиях непрерывного образования взрослых. Цель статьивыявить структуру личностной зрелости пожилых людей, участвующих в программах непрерывного образования.
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